ru
O
3-
lir ;ru
m o
AN
ILLUSTRATED FLORA
OF THE y
NORTHERN UNITED STATES, CANADA AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS
FROM NEWFOUNDLAND TO THE PARALLEL OF THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF
VIRGINIA, AND FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN WESTWARD
TO THE 102o MERIDIAN
BY
NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, PH.D., Sc.D., LL.D.
DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN; PROFESSOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
AND
HON. ADDISON BROWN, A.B., LL.D.
PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
CHIEFLY PREPARED BY PROFESSOR BRITTON, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN SEVERAL GROUPS; THE FIGURES ALSO DRAWN UNDER HIS SUPERVISION
SECOND EDITION— REVISED AND ENLARGED IN THREE VOLUMES
VOL. III. l
GENTIANACEAE TO COMPOSITAE
GENTIAN TO THISTLE
VT
NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1913
COPYRIGHT, 1913
BY NATHANIEL L. BRITTON AND HELEN C. BROWN, Executrix of the Estate of ADDISON BROWN, deceased.
PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
CONTENTS OF VOLUME III.
Gamopetalae (continued)
1-560
15. GENTIANACEAE i
16. MENYANTHACEAE 17
17. APOCYNACEAE 19
18. ASCLEPIADACEAE 23
19. DlCHONDRACEAE 39
20. CONVOLVULACEAE 40
21. CUSCUTACEAE 48
22. POLEMONIACEAE 52
23. HYDROPHYLLACEAE 65
24. BORAGINACEAE 72
25. VERBENACEAE 94
26. LABIATAE
27. SOLANACEAE
28. SCROPHULARIACEAE
29. LENTIBULARIACEAE
30. OROBANCHACEAE
31. BlGNONIACEAE
32. MARTYNIACEAE
33. ACANTHACEAE
34. PHRYMACEAE
35. PLANTAGINACEAE
36. RUBIACEAE
|
99 |
37. CAPRIFQLIACEAE |
|
154 |
38. ADOXACEAE |
|
174 |
39. VALERIANACEAE |
|
224 |
40. DIPSACEAE |
|
233 |
41. CUCURBITACEAE |
|
236 |
42. CAMPANULACEAE |
|
239 |
43- LOBELIACEAE |
|
239 |
44. ClCHORIACEAE |
|
241 |
45. AMBROSIACEAE |
|
245 |
46. COMPOSITAE |
|
250 |
267
283
284 288
290 293
299 304 338 347
ENGLISH FAMILY NAMES
Petals wholly or partly united, rarely separate or wanting (continued)
1-560
15. GENTIAN FAMILY i
16. BUCKBEAN FAMILY 17
17. DOGBANE FAMILY 19
18. MILKWEED FAMILY 23
19. DICHONDRA FAMILY 39
20. MORNING-GLORY
FAMILY 40
21. DODDER FAMILY 48
22. PHLOX FAMILY 52
23. WATER-LEAF FAMILY 65
24. BORAGE FAMILY 72
25. VERVAIN FAMILY 95
26. MINT FAMILY 99
27. POTATO FAMILY 154
28. FIGWORT FAMILY 174
29. BLADDERWORT FAMILY 224
30. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY 233
31. TRUMPET-CREEPER
FAMILY 236
32. UNICORN PLANT
FAMILY 239
33. ACANTHUS FAMILY 239
34. LOPSEED FAMILY 241
35. PLANTAIN FAMILY 245
36. MADDER FAMILY 256
37. HONEYSUCKLE
FAMILY 267
38. MOSCHATEL FAMILY 283
39. VALERIAN FAMILY 284
40. TEASEL FAMILY 288
41. GOURD FAMILY 290
42. BELL-FLOWER FAMILY 293
43. LOBELIA FAMILY 299
44. CHICORY FAMILY 304
45. RAGWEED FAMILY 338
46. THISTLE FAMILY 347
SUMMARY 560 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES
ENGLISH INDEX AND POPULAR PLANT NAMES 601
56i
SYMBOLS USED
0 is used after figures to indicate feet.
' is used after figures to indicate inches.
" is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch.
' over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel.
over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of the vowel.
IN THE METRIC SYSTEM.
The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches. ' The decimetre = 3.94 inches. The centimetre = § of an inch, or 4! lines. The millimetre = ?r of an inch, or $ a line. 2i millimeters = I line.
j
very nearly
ILLUSTRATED FLORA.
VOL. HI.
Family 15. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20. 1829.
GENTIAN FAMILY
Bitter mostly quite glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate) exstipu- late entire leaves, reduced to scales in Bartonia, and regular perfect flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. Calyx inferior, persistent, 4~i2-lobed, -toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in Obo- laria}, the lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, campanulate, club-shaped or rotate, often marcescent, 4~i2-lobed or -parted, the lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent ; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Disk none, or inconspicuous. Ovary superior in our genera, i-celled or partly 2-celled ; ovules numerous, anatropous or amphitropous ; style simple, or none ; stigma entire, or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent by 2 valves. Seeds globose, angular or compressed ; endosperm fleshy, copious ; embryo small, terete or conic.
About 70 genera and 700 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions. Leaves normal ; corolla-lobes convolute in the bud.
Style filiform ; anthers usually twisting or recurving when old.
Corolla salverform. i. Centaurium.
Corolla rotate. 2. Sabbatia.
Corolla campanulate-funnelform. 3. Enstoma.
Style short, stout or none ; anthers remaining straight. Corolla without nectariferous pits, glands or scales. Corolla funnelform, campanulate or clavate.
Corolla without plaits in the sinuses ; calyx without an interior membrane.
4. Gentiana.
Corolla with plaits in the sinuses; calyx' with an interior membrane. 5. Dasystephana Corolla rotate. 6. Pleurogyna.
1-2 nectariferous pits, glands or scales at the base of each corolla-lobe.
Corolla rotate, a fringed gland at each lobe. 7. Frasera.
Corolla campanulate, spurred at the base. 8. Halenia.
Leaves, at least those of the stem, reduced to scales ; corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud.
Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals ; upper leaves normal. 9. Obolaria.
Calyx of 4 lanceolate sepals ; leaves all reduced to scales. 10. Bartonia.
i. CENTAURIUM Hill. Brit. Herb. 62. 1756.
[ERYTHRAEA Neck. Eletn. 2: 10. 1/90.]
Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and small or middle sized, commonly numerous, pink, white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular, 5~4-lobed or -divided, the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform, 5-4-lobed, the tube long or short, the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 or 4, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments short-filiform; anthers linear or oblong, becoming spirally twisted. Ovary i-celled, the placentae sometimes intruded; style filiform; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong-ovoid or fusiform, 2-valved. Seed-coat reticulated. [Latin, 100 gold pieces, with reference to its supposed medicinal value. 1
About 25 species, natives of the Old World, western North and South America, and in the West Indies. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of the United States. Type species: Gentiana Centaurium L.
Flowers spicate-racemose. i. C.spicatum.
Flowers cymose or cymose-paniculate.
Basal leaves tufted. 2. C. Centaurium.
No tuft of basal leaves.
Corolla-lobes i^"-2j^" long.
I
GENTIAXACEAE.
VOL. III.
Flowers short-pedicelled ; naturalized species. Flowers slender-pedicelled ; native western species.
Leaves oblong to linear-oblong.
Upper leaves mere subulate bracts. Corolla-lobes 3K"-5" long.
3. C. pulchellum.
4. C. exaltatum.
5. C. iexcnse.
6. C. calycosiim.
i. Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fernald. Spiked
Centaury. Fig. 3330. Gentiana spicata L. Sp. PI. 230. 1753. Erythraea spicata Pers. Syn. i: 283. 1805. Centaurium spicatum Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 54. 1908.
Annual, glabrous, erect, strict, usually branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sessile, obtusish at the apex, clasping at the base, i'-ii' long, 2"-"" wide; flowers pink, sessile, distant and spicate-racemose on the mostly simple and leafless branches, about 8" long; tube of the corolla somewhat longer than the subulate calyx-seg- ments, 2-3 times as long as the linear-oblong lobes ; capsule 4"-5" long.
Coast of Nantucket, and at Portsmouth, Va. Naturalized from Europe. May-Sept.
2. Centaurium Centaurium (L.) W. F. Wight.
Lesser or European Centaury. Bitter-herb.
Blood wort. Fig. 3331.
Gentiana Centaurium L. Sp. PI. 229. 1753.
Erythraea Centaurium Pers. Syn. i : 283. 1805.
C. Centaurium W. F. Wight, Contr. Nat. Herb, u : 449. 1906.
Annual, glabrous, erect, usually branched, 6'-i5' high. Leaves oblong, apex obtuse, the base narrowed; the lower forming a basal tuft, i'-2$' long, 3"-6" wide; stem leaves smaller, distant, rounded at the sessile or slightly clasping base ; flowers numerous, 6"-8" long, nearly sessile, in com- pound terminal mostly dense bracteolate cymes ; corolla- lobes obtuse, 2$"-3" long, about as long as trie calyx-seg- ments and one-third to one-half as long as the corolla- tube; stigmas oval.
In waste places, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Massachusetts, Illinois and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Earth-gall.
Sanctuary. June-Sept.
3. Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce. Branching Centaury. Fig. 3332.
Gentiana pulchella Sw. Act. Holm. 1783: 84. /. 8, 9. 1783. Gentiana ramosissima Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 2: 530. 1787. Erythraea ramosissima Pers. Syn. 1 : 283. 1805. Erythraea pulchella Fries, Novit. 74. 1828. C. pulchellum Druce, Fl. Oxf. 342. 1897.
Annual, glabrous, much branched, 3'-8' high. Leaves oval, ovate or lanceolate, the lower mostly obtuse, 3"-8" long, the upper usually acutish or acute and smaller; no basal tuft of leaves ; flowers pink, cymose-paniculate, all or nearly all of them short-pedicelled, 5"-6" long; tube of "the corolla ii-2 times longer than the calyx- segments, its lobes oblong, obtuse, ii"-2" long; stigma oval ; anthers oblong.
In fields and waste places, southern New York to Penn- sylvania, Illinois and Maryland ; also in the West Indies. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept.
GENUS I.
GENTIAN FAMILY.
4- Centaurium exaltatum (Griseb.) W. F. Wight. Tall or Western Centaury. Fig. 3333.
Cicendia exaltata Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 69. pi. 157.
1834-
Erythraea Douglasii A. Gray, Bot. Cal. i : 480. 1876. Erythraea exaltata Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 150. 1893. C. exaltatum W. F. Wight, Contr. Nat. Herb, n : 449. 1906.
Annual, erect, glabrous, branched, 6'-i8' high, the branches few, erect, slender. Leaves oblong or linear- oblong, sessile, mostly acute at both ends, 5"-io" long, distant, the basal not tufted; flowers few, terminal and axillary, all slender-pedicelled, 6"-8" long; tube of the corolla about one-third longer than the calyx-segments, the lobes oblong, obtuse, \\"-2" long.
In sandy soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming, Washington, Arizona and California. May-Sept.
5. Centaurium texense (Griseb.) Fernald. . Texan Centaury. Fig. 3334.
Erythraea texensis Griseb ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 58.
1838. C. texense Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 54. 1908.
Annual, corymbosely branched above, slender, 2'-8' high. Stem-leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 8" long or less, acute, sessile, the upper ones reduced to subulate bracts; pedicels slender, as long as the calyx or longer ; calyx 4"-5" long, its lobes subulate ; corolla light rose color, its tube longer than the calyx, its acute oblong to oblong-lanceolate lobes about half as long as the tube ; capsule longer than the calyx.
In rocky soil, Missouri to Texas. May-Sept.
6. Centaurium calycosum (Buckley) Fernald. Buck- ley's Centaury. Fig. 3335.
Erythraea calycosa Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1862: 7. 1863. Centaurium calycosum Fernald, Rhodora 10: 54. 1908.
Annual, corymbosely branched or sometimes simple, 2° high or less, the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves oblong to spatulate or linear, *'-:$' long, acute, sessile; pedicels as long as the calyx or longer ; calyx .4"-5" long, its lobes nar- rowly linear; corolla pink, its tube a little longer than the calyx, its oval or oblong obtuse lobes nearly as long as the tube.
In wet or moist soil, Missouri to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. April-June.
2. SABBATIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 503. 1763.
Annual or biennial erect usually branched glabrous herbs, with opposite or sometimes verticillate sessile or rarely petioled or clasping leaves, and rather large terminal and solitary or cymose pink rose or white flowers. Calyx 4-i2-parted or -divided, the tube campanulate, sometimes very short, the lobes or segments usually narrow. Corolla rotate, deeply 4-12- parted. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the short tube pf the corolla; filaments filiform, short;
GENTIAXACEAE.
VOL. III.
anthers linear or oblong, curved, revolute or coiled in anthesis. Ovary i-celled, the placentae intruded; style 2-cleft or 2-parted, its lobes filiform, stigmatic along their inner sides. Cap- sule ovoid or globose, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, reticulated. [In honor of L. and C. Sabbati, Italian botanists, according to Salisbury, Parad. Lond. pi. 32, therefore Sabbatia, though Adanson's spelling was Sabatia.]
About 1 8 species, natives of eastern North America, the West Indies and Mexico. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the southern United States. Type species : Chironia dodecandra L. Flowers normally 4-s-parted, sometimes 6-7-parted. Branches opposite.
Style 2-parted to below the middle or nearly to the base ; flowers white.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute ; flowers 8"-i2" broad. i. S. lanceolata.
Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse; flowers 6"— 9" broad. 2. S.paniculata,
Style 2-cleft to about the middle ; flowers normally pink.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; stem slightly 4-angled. 3. S. brachiata.
Leaves ovate, cordate-clasping ; stem strongly 4-angled. 4. S. angnlaris.
Branches alternate, the lower sometimes opposite in nos. 5 and 6.
Calyx-segments foliaceous, longer than the corolla. 5. S. calycina.
Calyx-segments linear or lanceolate, not longer than the corolla.
Calyx-tube 5-ribbed ; flowers i'— 2' broad; leaves ovate to oblong. 6. S. cainfestris.
Calyx-tube scarcely ribbed; flowers i'-il/z' broad; leaves linear to lanceolate. Calyx shorter than the corolla ; style 2-parted.
Flower pink with a yellow eye (rarely white) ; corolla-segments obovate.
7. S.stellaris. Flowers white, very numerous ; corolla-segments spatulate or oblanceolate.
8. S.Elliot Hi. Calyx-segments filiform, as long as the corolla ; style 2-cleft. 9. S. campanulata.
Flowers normally 8-i2-parted, ij^'-sj^' broad. 10. S. dodecandra.
i. Sabbatia lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G. Lance-leaved Sabbatia. Fig. 3336.
Chironia lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 95. 1788. S. lanceolata T. & G. ; A. Gray, Man. 356. 1848.
Stem branched above, or simple, slender, some- what 4-angled, or terete below, i°-3° high, the branches all opposite. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute, or the lower sometimes obtuse, 3~5-nerved, i '-2' long, or the lowest shorter, the uppermost reduced to narrow bracts ; flowers white, fading yellowish, 8"-i2" broad, usually numerous in bracteolate corymbed cymes ; pedicels slender, 2"-/" long; calyx-lobes filiform-linear, much shorter than the corolla ; corolla-segments oblong or slightly obovate ; anthers recurved ; style ; capsule ovoid, about 3" high.
2-parted ; capsule ovoid, about 3 high.
In pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Florida. May-Sept.
2. Sabbatia paniculata (Michx.) Pursh. Branching Sabbatia. Fig. 3337.
C. paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 146. 1803. S. paniculata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814.
Stem _ usually freely branching, 4-angled. i°-2|° high, the branches all opposite. Leaves linear, linear-oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse, i'-ii' long, the lower commonly shorter and broader, the uppermost small and bract-like ; flowers white, 6"-g" broad, usually very nu- merous in corymbed cymes ; pedicels mostly short, the central flowers of the cymes often nearly sessile ; calyx-lobes linear, not more than one-half the length of the corolla; co- rolla-segments spatulate-oblong; anthers re- curved or coiled; style 2-parfed; capsule ob- long, about 3" high.
In dry or moist soil, Virginia to Florida. May- Sept.
GENUS 2.
GEXTIAX FAMILY.
3. Sabbatia brachiata. Ell. Narrow- leaved Sabbatia. Fig. 3338.
Clrironia angularis var. angustifolia Michx. Fl.
Bor. Am. i : 146. 1803.
S. brachiata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 284. 1817. S. angustifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 259.
1894.
Stem slender, branched above, slightly 4- angled, i°-2° high, the branches all opposite. Leaves linear, linear-oblong, or linear-lanceo- late, obtuse, or the upper acute, sessile, 1-2' long, the uppermost small and bract-like ; flowers pink with a yellowish or greenish eye, few in the racemed or short-corymbcd cymes, or solitary at the ends of the branches, about i' broad; calyx-lobes linear, usually more than one-half the length of the corolla ; corolla- segments obovate-oblong ; style 2-c!eft to about the middle ; capsule oblong, 3 "-4" high.
In dry or moist soil, Indiana to Louisiana, east to North Carolina and Florida. May-Sept.
A. Sabbatia angularis (L.) Pursh. Bitter-bloom. Rose-Pink. Square-stemmed
Sabbatia. Fig. 3339.
Chironia angularis L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753. 5". angularis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 137. 1814.
Stem usually rather stout and much branched, sharply 4-angled, 2°-3° high, the branches all opposite or the lowest rarely alternate. Leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, 9"— 1 8" long, or the lower oblong and ob- tuse, those of the branches smaller ; flowers rose- pink, with a central greenish star, occasionally white, i'-ii' broad, usually solitary at the ends of the branches; calyx-lobes linear, one-half the length of the corolla, or less; corolla-segments obovate; style 2-cleft; capsule oblong, about 3" high.
In rich soil, often in thickets, New York and Pennsylvania to western Ontario, Michigan, Flor- ida, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Louisiana. Bitter clover. Pink-bloom. American centaury. July-Aug. Flowers fragrant.
5. Sabbatia calycina (Lam.) Heller. Coast Sabbatia. Fig. 3340.
Gentiana calycina Lam. Encycl. 2: 638. 1786. C. calycosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 146. 1803. Sabbatia calycosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814. S. calycina Heller, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 24. 1894.
Stem somewhat 4-angled, freely branched, 6'-i2' high, the branches alternate, or the lowest sometimes opposite. Leaves oblong or some of them slightly obovate, obtuse or acute, 3-nerved, i'-2' long, narrowed to the sessile base or the lower into petioles ; flowers usu- ally few, solitary at the ends of the branches or peduncles, i'-ii' broad; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, leaf-like, longer than the spatu- late segments of the pink rose-purple or whit- ish corolla ; style 2-parted, capsule ovoid- oblong, 3"-4" high.
In moist soil, Virginia to Florida, near the Coast, Cuba ; Santo Domingo. June-Auer,
GENTIANACEAE.
VOL. III.
6. Sabbatia campestris Xutt. Prairie Sabbatia. Fig. 3341.
Sabbatia campestris Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 197, 1833-37.
Stem 4-angled, branched, 6'-i5' high, the branches alternate or dichotomous, or the lowest opposite. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the apex, sessile or slightly clasping and subcordate at the base, i'-i' long; flowers solitary at the ends of the branches and peduncles, i'-2' broad; peduncles, 1-2' long; calyx 5-ribbed or almost 5-winged, its lobes lan- ceolate, acute, 6"-i2" long, about as long as the obovate lilac corolla-segments, becoming rather rigid in fruit; style 2-cleft; capsule oblong, 3"-4" high.
On prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Texas.
7. Sabbatia stellaris Pursh. Sea or Marsh Pink. Fig. 3342.
Sabbatia stellaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i : 137. 1814. Chironia stellata Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 23. 1818.
Stem nearly terete, or slightly 4-angled, usually much branched, 6'-2° high, the branches alternate. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to linear, sessile, i'-2' long, 2"-5" wide, or the lowest smaller, some- what obovate and obtuse, the uppermost narrowly linear and bract-like ; flowers 9"-! 8" broad, usu- ally numerous, solitary at the ends of the branches or slender peduncles ; calyx not ribbed, its lobes narrowly linear, shorter than or nearly equalling the oblong or obovate corolla-segments; corolla pink to white with a yellowish starry eye bor- dered with red ; style 2-cleft to below the middle ; capsule about 2\" high.
In salt-meadows, coast of Massachusetts to Flor- ida. Recorded from Maine. Called also Rose-of- Ply mouth. July-Sept.
8. Sabbatia Elliottii Steud. Elliott's Sabbatia. Fig. 3343.
Swertla difformis L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753?
Sabbatia paniculata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 282. 1817. Not Pursh, 1814.
S. Elliottii Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 2 : 489. 1841.
_ Stem paniculately branched, terete or slightly ridged, i°-2° high, the branches alternate. Lower leaves obovate or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 6"-9" long, the upper and those of the branches narrowly linear or subulate; flowers very numerous, white, solitary at the ends of the branches and short peduncles, i' broad or less; calyx not ribbed, its lobes subulate-linear, one-half as long as the spatulate or oblanceo- late segments of the corolla, or less; style 2-parted; capsule about 2\" high.
In pine-barrens, Virginia and North Carolina to Florida. Quinine-flower. July-Sept.
GENUS 2.
GENTIAN FAMILY.
9. Sabbatia campanulata (L.) Torr. Slender Marsh Pink. Fig. 3344.
Chironia campanulata L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753. Chironia gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 146. 1803. Sabbatia gracilis Salisb. Farad. Lond. pi. 32. 1806. Sabbatia campanulata Torr. Fl. U. S. i : 217. 1824.
Similar to the preceding species. Stem usually very slender and much branched, i°-2° high, the branches alternate. Leaves linear, or linear-lan- ceolate. i'-ii' long, sessile, acute, or the lowest much shorter, obtuse, oblong or oblanceolate, sometimes narrowed into short petioles, the up- permost almost filiform ; flowers pink with a yellow eye, about i' broad, solitary at the ends of the branches and peduncles, mostly 5-parted ; calyx-lobes filiform-linear, equalling the oblong- obovate corolla-segments, or somewhat shorter; style 2-cleft to about the middle; capsule obovoid, about 22" high.
In salt marshes and along brackish rivers, rarely in fresh-water swamps, Nantucket to Florida and Louisiana. Also on the summits of the southern Alleghanies. Bahamas; Cuba. May-Aug.
10. Sabbatia dodecandra (L.) B.S.P. Large Marsh Pink. Fig. 3345.
Chironia dodecandra L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753. Chironia chloroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 147. 1803. Sabbatia chloroides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814. Sabbatia dodecandra B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888.
Stem i°-2° high, little branched or simple, terete or nearly so, the branches alternate. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, ii'-3' long; stem leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, the uppermost usually narrowly linear; flowers few, pink, sometimes white, solitary at the ends of the branches or peduncles, iF-22' broad; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, about one-half as long as the 8-12 spatulate-obovate co- rolla-segments ; anthers coiled ; style deeply 2-cleft, its divisions clavate ; capsule globose-oval, 3" high.
In sandy borders of ponds and along salt marshes, Massachusetts to North Carolina, near the coast. July- Sept. Plants of the Gulf States, previously referred to this species, prove to be distinct.
3. EUSTOMA Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi 34. 1806.
Erect usually branched glaucous annual herbs, with opposite sessile or clasping entire leaves. Flowers large, blue, purple or white, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal, solitary or paniculate. Calyx deeply 5-6-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 5-6-lobed, the lobes oblong or obovate, usually erose-denticulate, convo- lute in the bud. Stamens 5-6, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, versatile, at length recurved, or remaining nearly straight. Ovary i-celled; style filiform ; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule oblong or ovoid, 2-valved. Seeds small, numer- ous, foveolate. [Greek, open-mouth, referring to the corolla.]
Four species, natives of the southern United States, New Mexico and the West Indies, species: Eustoma silenifoHum Salisb.
Type
GENTIANACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Eustoma Russellianum (Hook.) Griseb. Russell's Eustoma. Fig. 3346.
Lisianthits Russellianus Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 3626. 1839.
Lisianthus glancifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:197. 1833-37. Not. Jacq. 1786.
E. Russellianum Griseb. in DC. Prodr. 9: 51. 1845.
Stem terete, rather stout, i°-2$° high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 3-5-nerved, the upper usually acute at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, ii'~3' long, the lower usually obtuse at the apex and nar- rowed to a sessile or slightly auricled base; pedun- cles i '-4' long, stout, bracted at the base, the bracts lanceolate-subulate, small ; flowers 2'-$' broad ; calyx-lobes long-acuminate, shorter than the purple corolla ; corolla-lobes obovate, about 4 times as long as the tube ; style slender ; anthers remaining nearly straight; capsule oblong, pointed.
On prairies, Nebraska to Louisiana, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Canada pest. May-Aug.
4. GENTIANA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 227. 1753.
Erect mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate, entire sessile or short- petioled leaves. Flowers blue, purple, yellow or white, solitary or clustered, terminal or axillary. Calyx tubular, 4-7- (usually 5-) cleft. Corolla tubular, clavate, campanulate, sal- verform or funnelform (rotate in some exotic species), 4~7-lobed, often gland-bearing within* the lobes entire or fimbriate. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted in its tube, included; anthers connate into a tube, or separate, not recurved or coiled. Ovary i-celled; ovules very numerous; style short or none; stigma cleft into 2 lamellae. Capsule sessile or stipitate, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, sometimes covering the whole inner wall of the capsule, wingless or winged. [Named for King Gentius of Illyria.]
About 150 species, mostly natives of the north temperate and arctic zones and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Gentiana lutea L.
Corolla-lobes fringed or serrate ; flowers I'-j,' long. Corolla enclosed in the swollen wing-angled calyx. CoroUa conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx.
Corolla-lobes fringed all around their summits ; leaves lanceolate.
Corolla-lobes fringed mainly on the margins ; leaves linear. Corolla-lobes with entire or rarely denticulate margins; flowers 6 "-12" long. Corolla-lobes fimbriate-crested at the base, acute. Corolla-lobes naked, subulate-acuminate.
Calyx-lobes unequal : flowers mostly 4-parted.
Calyx-lobes equal ; flowers 5-parted.
1. G. vcntricosa,
2. G. crinita.
3. G. procera.
4. G. acuta.
5. G. propinqua.
6. G- quinqucfolia.
i. Gentiana ventricosa Griseb. tian. Fig. 3347.
Swollen Gen-
Gentiana ventricosa Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 65. pi. 152. 1834.
Annual; stem strict, terete, branched above, about i° high. Basal leaves obovate, small, those of the stem ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, i' long, 4"-6" wide; flowers few, solitary at the ends of stout peduncles, 4-parted; calyx inflated, ovoid, about 9" high, 4"-$" thick, wing-angled, enclosing the corolla; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse, lac- erate-serrate ; ovary elliptic-oblong.
Grand Rapids of Saskatchewan, between Cumberland House and Hudson Bay (Drummond). Not recently col- lected.
GENUS 4.
GENTIAN FAMILY.
2. Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed Gen- tian. Fig. 3348.
Gentiana crinita Froel. Gen. 112. 1796.
Annual or biennial ; stem leafy, usually branch- ed, I0-3i° high, the branches erect, somewhat 4-angled. Basal and lower leaves obovate, ob- tuse, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, i'-2f long, acute or acuminate at the apex, sessile by a rounded or subcordate base ; flowers mostly 4-parted, several or numerous, about 2' high, solitary at the ends of the usually elongated peduncles ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, un- equal, their midribs decurrent on the angles of the tube ; corolla bright blue, rarely white, nar- rowly campanulate, its lobes obovate, rounded, conspicuously fringed all around their summits, scarcely fringed on the sides, spreading when mature; capsule spindle-shaped, stipitate; seeds scaly-hispid.
In moist woods and meadows, Quebec to Ontario. Minnesota, south to Georgia and Iowa. Sept.-Oct.
3. Gentiana procera Holm. Smaller Fringed Gentian. Fig. 3349.
Gentiana procera Holm, Ottawa Nat. 15: n. 1901.
Annual ; similar to the preceding species but smaller; stem simple, or little branched, 3'-i8' high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper linear or linear-lanceolate, i'-2i' long, 2,"-4" wide ; flowers 1-6, solitary at the ends of elongated erect peduncles, mostly 4-parted, about li' high ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, their midribs decurrent on the tube ; corolla narrowly campanulate, bright blue, its lobes spatulate- oblong, strongly fringed on both sides, entire or somewhat fimbriate or toothed around the apex; capsule short-stipitate ; seeds scaly-hispid.
In wet places, New York and Ontario to Minne- sota, South Dakota and Manitoba. July-Sept. Pre- viously confused with G. detonsa Rottb. and with G. serrata Gunner, Old World species. Northwestern and Rocky Mountain plants formerly referred to this species prove to be distinct from it.
Gentiana nesophila Holm, of Anticosti, differs in merely denticulate corolla-lobes.
4. Gentiana acuta Michx. Northern Gentian. Fig. 3350.
Gentiana acuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 177. 1803. W>~
Gentiana Amarella var. acuta Herder, Act. Hort. Petrop. i : 428. 1872.
Annual; stem leafy, slightly wing-angled, simple or branched, 6'-2o' high. Basal and lower leaves spatu- late or obovate, obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile, or somewhat clasping, i'-2' long; flowers numerous, racemose-spicate, 5"-8" high, the pedicels 2"-6" long, leafy-bracted at the base; calyx deeply 5-parted (rarely 4-parted), its lobes lanceolate; corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed (rare'y 4-lobed), blue, its lobes lanceolate, acute, each with a fimbriate crown at the base ; capsule sessile.
In moist or wet places, Labrador to Alaska, Maine, Minnesota, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. Closely resembles the Old World G. Amarella. Felwort. Bastard-gentian. Bald- money. Summer.
GENTIANACEAE.
VOL. III.
5. Gentiana propinqua Richards. Four-parted Gentian. Fig. 3351.
Gentiana propinqua Richards. Frank. Journ. 734. 1823.
Stems slender, usually branched from the base and sometimes also above, slightly wing-angled, 2'-? high. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper distant, obiong or lanceolate, i'-ii' long, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the slightly clasping base, obscurely 3-nerved; flowers few or several, solitary on slender peduncles, mostly 4-parted, 8"-io" high; calyx 4-cleft, 2 of the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceolate; corolla blue or bluish, glandular within at the base, its lobes ovate- lanceolate, entire or denticulate; capsule linear, at length a little longer than the corolla.
Labrador to Alaska and British Columbia. Summer.
6. Gentiana quinquefolia L. Stiff Gentian. Ague-weed. Fig. 3352.
Gentiana quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 230. i753« Gentiana quinque flora Lam. Encycl. 2: 643. 1786.
Annual ; stem ridged, usually branched, 2'-2^° high, quadrangular. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, those of the stem ovate, acute at the apex, clasping and subcordate or rounded at the base, 3~7-nerved, \'-2.' long; flowers in clusters of 1-7 at the ends of the branches, or also axillary; pedicels slender, 2" -7" long; calyx one-fourth to one-third the length of the corolla, its lobes narrow, or sometimes folia- ceous, acute ; corolla tubular-funnelform, s"-io" long, blue or yellowish, glandular within at the base, its lobes triangular, very acute, entire; capsule stipi- tate; seeds globose, wingless.
In dry or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Michigan, south to Florida and Missouri. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North Carolina. Consists of several or many races, differing in size of plant, size of corolla ; the calyx-lobes narrow or broad. Five- flowered gentian. Gall-of-the-Earth. Gall-weed. Aug.-Oct.
5. DASYSTEPHANA [Reneal.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 502. 1763.
Mostly perennial herbs with opposite entire leaves, and large sessile or short-stalked flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, or sometimes solitary, usually 2-bracted under the calyx. Calyx mostly 5-lobed, with an interior membrane. Corolla mostly 5-lobed, clavate to funnelform, with thin lobed or toothed plaits in the sinuses, but without glands. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, the anthers cohering in a ring or separate. Ovary i-celled; ovules very numerous ; style short ; capsule stipitate. [Greek, rough garland.]
About 75 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, several others occur in western North America. Type species : Gentiana asclepiadea L. Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes scabrous or ciliate ; seeds winged. Anthers separate, or merely connivent.
Stems usually clustered ; calyx-lobes unequal ; corolla narrowly funnelform. i. D. affinis. Stems mostly solitary ; calyx-lobes equal ; corolla campanulate-funnelform. 2. D. pubcrula. Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube.
Corolla-lobes distinct, longer than or equalling the plaits.
Flowers 1-4 ; corolla campanulate-funnelform, its lobes 2-3 times as long as the plaits.
3. D. parvifolia.
Flowers several or numerous ; corolla club-shaped, its lobes not much longer than the plaits. 4. D. Saponaria.
Corolla-lobes none or minute, the plaits very broad. 5. D.Andre-wsii.
Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes smooth or nearly so.
Flowers clustered, sessile, 2-bracteolate under the calyx.
Corolla-lobes ovate, twice as long as the plaits ; leaves broad, acuminate ; seeds winged.
6. D. flavida. Corolla-lobes rounded, little longer than the plaits ; leaves narrow ; seeds winged.
7. D. linearis. Corolla-lobes ovate, acute, much longer than the broad plaits ; leaves broad ; seeds winged.
8. D. Grayi. Corolla-lobes triangular-lanceolate ; leaves obovate ; seeds wingless. 9. D. villosa.
Flowers solitary, peduncled, not bracteolate ; leaves linear. 10. D. Porphyrio.
GENUS 5.
GEXTIAX FAMILY.
II
i. Dasystephana affinis (Griseb.) Rydb. Ob- long-leaved Gentian. Fig. 3353.
Gentiana affinis Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 56. 1834. D. affinis Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33 : 149. 1906.
Perennial; stems clustered from deep roots, minutely puberulent, simple, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or acutish, rounded or narrowed at the base, firm, roughish-margined, indis- tinctly nerved, J'-ii' long, the floral smaller; flowers few, numerous, or rarely solitary, 5-parted, sessile and solitary or clustered in the axils of the upper leaves, about i' high, not bracted under the calyx ; calyx-lobes linear or subulate, unequal, the longer about equalling the tube, the smaller sometimes minute; corolla nar- rowly funnelform, blue, its lobes ovate, acute or mu- cronate, entire, spreading, with laciniate appendages in the sinuses ; anthers separate ; seeds broadly winged.
In moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Aug.-Oct.
2. Dasystephana puberula (Michx.) Small. Downy Gentian. Fig. 3354.
Gentiana puberula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 176. 1803. D. puberula Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903.
Perennial; stems usually solitary, leafy, 8'-i8' high, minutely puberulent or glabrous, nearly terete. Leaves firm, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, roughish- margined, indistinctly nerved, pale beneath, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, i'— 3' long; flowers sessile or nearly so in the upper axils, rarely soli- tary and terminal, 2-bracteolate under the calyx, \\'-2.' high ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, equal, about as long as the tube, rough ; corolla campanulate- funnelform, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its lobes ovate, entire, spreading, much longer than the cleft or laciniate appendages ; anthers at first connivent, soon separate; seeds oblong, broadly winged.
On prairies, Maryland to Ohio, Minnesota, South Dakota, Georgia and Kansas. Aug.-Oct.
3. Dasystephana parvifolia (Chapm.) Small. Elliott's Gentian. Fig. 3355.
^Gentiana rigida Raf. Med. Fl. i: 212. 1832. Gentiana Elliottii Chapm. Fl. S. States, 356. 1860.
Not Raf. "iGentiana scaberrima Kusnezow, Act. Hort. Petrop.
13: 59- 1893.
D. parvifolia Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903. D. latifolia Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903.
Perennial ; roots a cluster of thick fibres ; stems slender, leafy, terete, minutely rough-puberulent, simple, 8'-2° high. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, thin, roughish-margined, i'— 2' long, 3-nerved, or the lower much smaller and obtuse; flowers 1-4, terminal, or rarely I or 2 in the upper axils, about 2' long, sessile, 2-bracteolate under the glabrous calyx; calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate, foliaceous, longer than the tube ; co- rolla campanulate-funnelform, blue, its lobes ovate, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, entire, 3"-4" long, about twice as long as the fimbriate or toothed appendages ; anthers cohering in a tube ; seeds oblong, broadly winged.
In moist soil, Virginia to Florida. Sampson snake- root. Sept.-Oct.
Gentiana decora Pollard, of the same range, differs in having the calyx-tube pubescent.
12
GENTIANACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. Dasystephana Saponaria (L.) Small. Soapwort or Blue-Gentian. Fig. 3356.
Gcntiana Saponaria L. Sp. PI. 228. 1753. Gentiana Caicsbaci Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788. D. Saponaria Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903.
Perennial ; stem erect or ascending, terete, slender, simple or with short erect axillary branches, glabrous, or minutely rough-puber- ulent above, i°-2*° high, leafy. Leaves lan- ceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, usually acute at both ends, 3-5-nerved, roushish-mar- gined, 2'-^' long, the lowest obovate and smaller; flowers i'-2' high, in sessile terminal and usually also axillary clusters of 1-5, 2-bractco!ate under the calyx; calyx-lobes oblong or spatulate, ciliolate; corolla blue, club-shaped, its lobes erect, obtuse, equall ng or longer than the cleft or lacerate append- ages; anthers cohering in a tube; capsule stip- itate ; seeds broadly w-inged.
In wet soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Connecticut, Florida and Louisiana. Calathian violet. Harvest- bells. Rough or marsh-gentian. Sampson snake- root. Aug.-Oct.
5. Dasystephana Andrews!! (Griseb.) Small. Closed Blue or Blind Gentian. Fig. 3357.
JGenliana alba Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 29. 1818. JGentiana claitsa Raf. Med. Fl. i : 210. 1832. G, Andrewtii Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 55. 1834. D. Andren-sii Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903.
Perennial; stout, glabrous, i°-2° high, simple, leafy. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 3-/-nerved, acu- minate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, 2'-$.' long, rough-margined, the lowest oblong or obovate, smaller; flowers I'-i-J' high in a terminal sessile cluster and commonly I or 2 in the upper axils, 2-bracteolate under the calyx ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate, ciliolate, usually spreading; corolla oblong, club-shaped, blue, or occasionally white, nearly or quite closed, its lobes obsolete, the intervening appendages very broad, light colored, opposite the stamens; anthers coher- ing in a tube; capsule stipitate; seeds oblong, winged.
In moist soil, Quebec to Manitoba, Georgia and Ne- braska. Cloistered-heart. Bottle- or barrel-gentian. Aug.-Oct.
6. Dasystephana flavida (A. Gray) Brit- ton. Yellowish Gentian. Fig. 3358.
G. flavida A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 1 : 80. 1846. G. alba A. Gray, Man. 360. 1848. Not Muhl. 1818.
Perennial ; stem stout, terete, glabrous, sim- ple, erect or ascending, i°-3° high. Leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, smooth-mar- gined, acuminate at the apex, subcordate. clasp- ing or rounded at the base, 2'-$' long, i'-2'wide; flowers several or numerous in a sessile terminal cluster and sometimes i or 2 in the upper axils, ii'-2' high, 2-bracteolate under the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, smooth or minutely rough-margined, shorter than the tube, at length spreading; corolla campanulate-funnelform, open, greenish or yellowish white, its lobes ovate, acute or obtuse, twice as long as the erose-denticulate appendages ; anthers cohering in a tube; capsule stipitate; seeds winged.
In moist soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Missouri, Virginia and Kentucky. Aug.-Oct.
GENUS 5.
GEXTIAX FAMILY.
7. Dasystephana linearis (Froel.) Britton. Narrow-leaved Gentian. Fig. 3359.
Gentiana linearis Froel. Gent. 37. 1796.
Genliana Saponaria var. linearis Griseb. in Hook. Fl.
Bor. Am. 2 : 55. 1834. Gentiana rubncaulis Schwein. in Keating's Narr.
Long's Exp. 2: 384. 1824. Gentiana linearis var. lanceolata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 :
Part i, 123. 1878.
Perennial; glabrous throughout; stem slender, terete, simple, 6'-2° high, leafy. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth-margined, acute at both ends, 3-nerved, ii'-3' long, 2"-5" wide ; flowers i '-i I' high in a terminal cluster of 1-5 and sometimes also in the upper axils ; calyx- lobes linear or lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla erect, blue, oblong-funnelform, open, its lobes erect, rounded, i"-2" long, slightly longer than the entire or i-2-toothed appendages ; an- thers coherent in a tube, or at length distinct; capsule stipitate; seeds winged.
In bogs and on mountains, New Brunswick and Ontario to Maryland and Minnesota. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Aug.-Sept.
8. Dasystephana Grayi (Kusnezow) Brit- ton. Gray's Gentian. Fig. 3360.
Gentiana linearis var. latifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 22 : 309. 1887. Gentiana Grayi Kusnezow, Act. Hort. Petrop. 13: 59.
1893-
Perennial; glabrous; stem terete, i°-2° high. Leaves rather distant, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, rounded at the base, smooth- margined. 2'-3' long, the lower narrower and obtuse; flowers about \\' hi.^h in a sessile term- inal cluster, 2-bracteolate under the calyx; calyx- lobes unequal, the larger about as long as the tube ; corolla greenish blue or bright blue, club- shaped, its lobes ovate, acute or acutish, much longer than the broad i-2-toothed appendages; anthers coherent, or at length distinct; seeds oblong, winged.
In wet soil, New Brunswick to western Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota. Referred in our first edi- tion to Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein., which proves to be a synonym of the preceding species. Recorded from central New York. Aug.-Sept.
9. Dasystephana villosa (L.) Small. Striped Gentian. Fig. 3361.
Gentiana villosa L. sp. PI. 228. 1753. Gentiana ochroleuca Froel. Gent. 35. 1796. D. villosa Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 931. 1903.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so ; stem simple, slen- der, terete, 6'-i8' high. Leaves obovate, obtuse or the upper acute, narrowed at the base, faintly S-nerved, i '-3' long, the lower much smaller; flowers several in a terminal sessile cluster and sometimes also in the upper axils, nearly 2' long, 2-bracteolate under the calyx ; calyx-lobes unequal, linear, longer than the tube ; corolla greenish white, striped within, oblong-funnel- form, open, its lobes triangular-ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, erect, much longer than the oblique entire or i-2-toothed appendages ; seeds oval, wingless.
In shaded places, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana. Marsh- or straw-colored gentian. Sampson snake-root. Sept.-Nov.
GEXTIANACEAE.
VOL. III.
10. Dasystephana Porphyrio (J. F. Gmel.) Small. One-flowered Gentian. Fig. 3362.
Gentiana purpttrea Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788. Not. L. 1753. Gentiana Porphyrio J. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: 462. 1791. Gentiana angnstifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 177. 1803. D. Porphyrio Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 931. 1903.
Perennial, glabrous; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear, firm, acute or blunt at the apex, i'-2' long, i "-2" wide, or the upper and lower shorter; flowers solitary at the ends of the stem or branches, short-peduncled, about 2' high, not bracteo- late under the calyx ; calyx-lobes linear, longer than the tube; corolla funnelform, bright blue, sometimes brown- dotted within, its lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, $"-7" long, three times as long as the conspicuously laciniate appendages, or more; seeds oblong, wingless.
In moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida. Aug.-Oct.
6. PLEUROGYNA Eschol. Linnaea i : 187. 1826.
Slender usually branched annual glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and rather large blue or white flowers in terminal narrow racemes or panicles, or solitary at the ends of the slender peduncles. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted ; segments narrow, often unequal. Corolla rotate, 4-5-parted ; lobes vate or lanceolate, convolute, acute, with a pair of narrow appendages at the base. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla-tube near its base ; filaments slender or filiform; anthers ovate, sagittate, straight. Ovary l-celled; ovules numerous; style none; stigma decurrent along the sutures of the ovary. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds small and .numer- ous. [Greek, referring to the lateral stigmatic surfaces.]
About 7 species, of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, only the following typical one in North America.
i. Pleurogyna rotata (L.) Griseb. Marsh Felwort. Fig. 3363-
Swertia rotata L. Sp. PL 226. 1753. Pleurogyne rotata Griseb. Gent. 309. 1839.
Stem erect, usually 6'-is' high, sometimes lower, simple, or with nearly erect branches. Leaves linear to lanceolate, i'-2' long, i "-2" wide, or the basal spatulate or oblong^ shorter and sometimes broader; sepals narrowly linear to lanceolate, about the length of the lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate corolla-segments which are 4" -7" long; capsule narrowly oblong.
Quebec, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Recorded from the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.
7. FRASERA Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788.
Perennial or biennial erect glabrous mostly tall herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and rather large white yellowish or bluish flowers, in terminal cymose panicles or thyrses. Calyx 4-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, the lobes convolute in the bud, each bearing I or 2 fimbriate or fringed glands within. Stamens 4, inserted on the base of the short corolla-tube; filaments subulate or filiform, sometimes united at the base; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary ovoid, i-celled ; style slender or short, but distinct ; stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Capsule ovoid, coriaceous, somewhat compressed, 2-valved. few-seeded. Seeds flattened, smooth, margined or narrowly winged. [In honor of John Fraser, a botan- ical collector.]
About 15 species, natives of North America, all but the following typical one far western.
GEXL-S 7.
GEXTIAX FAMILY
i. Frasera carolinensis \\'alt. American Columbo. Fig. 3364.
Frasera carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 8/. 1788.
Stem 3°-/° high, stout. Leaves mostly verti- cillate in 4's, those of the stem lanceolate or oblong, acute or acutish, 3'-6' long, the basal ones spatulate or oblanceolate, usually much larger, the uppermost small and bract-like; inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate, large, often 2° long; flowers slender-pedicelled, about i' broad; corolla yel- lowish white with brown-purple dots, its lobes broadly oblong, bearing a large circular long- fringed gland at or below the middle ; style 2"-$" long; stigma 2-lobed; capsule much compressed, 6"-8" high, longer than the calyx.
In dry soil, western New York and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Yellow gentian. Pyramid-flower or -plant. June-Aug.
8. HALENIA Borck. in Roem. Archiv i : 25. 1796. [TETRAGOXAXTHUS S. G. Gmel. Fl. Sib. 4: 114. Hyponym. 1/69.]
Annual or perennial usually tufted glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and middle-sized white yellowish purple or blue flowers in terminal and axillary often panicled cymes. Calyx deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted, the segments lanceolate or oblong. Corolla campanulate, 4~5-cleft, the lobes convolute in the bud, each with a hollow spur or projection below, which is glandu- lar at the bottom within, or sometimes spurless. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled, the placentae more or less intruded ; ovules numerous ; style very short, sometimes none ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 2-vaived. Seeds globose-ovoid to oblong, compressed, smooth. [In honor of Jonas Halen, 1727-1810, a pupil of Linnaeus.]
About 30 species, natives of mountainous regions of North America, South America and Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States. Type species: Halcnia sibirica Borck.
i. Halenia deflexa (J. E. Smith) Griseb. Spurred Gentian. Fig. 3365.
Swertia deflexa J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop, no. 8. 1816. Halcnia deflexa Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 67. pi.
755- 1834-
H. Brentoniana Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 68. 1834. H. heterantha Griseb. loc. cit. 1834. Tetragonanthus clcflc.rus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 431. 1891.
Annual or biennial ; stem simple or branched, slen- der, erect, 6'-2o' high, usually with long internodes. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into petioles ; stem-leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3-5-nerved, i'-2' long, the uppermost much smaller ; calyx-segments lanceolate or spatulate, acute or acuminate ; corolla purplish or white, about 4" high, its lobes ovate, acute, the spurs deflexed or descending, one-fourth to one-half the length of the corolla or none ; capsule narrowly oblong, 6"-/" long, about twice as long as the calyx.
In moist woods and thickets. Newfoundland and Lab- rador to Massachusetts, New York, Saskatchewan, Mon- tana, Michigan and South Dakota. Races differ in size of the plant and of the flowers and in the development of the corolla-spurs. Recorded from the " Indian Ter- ritory " (Oklahoma), apparently erroneously. July- Aug.
9. OBOLARIA L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753.
A low glabrous perennial herb, the stem simple or branched, the lower leaves reduced to opposite scales, the upper foliaceous, subtending the racemose-spicate or thyrsoid white or purplish flowers. Calyx of 2 spatulate sepals. Corolla oblong-campanulate, 4-cleft, the lobes imbricated, at least in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted in the sinuses of the corolla; fila-
i6
GEXTIAXACEAE.
VOL. III.
ments slightly longer than the ovate sagittate anthers. Ovary i-celled, with 4 internal placental projections; ovules numerous; style distinct; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid, 2-valved or irregularly bursting. Seeds minute, covering the whole interior of the capsule. [Greek, obolus, a coin, alluding to the thick round leaves.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
i. Obolaria virginica L. Pennywort. Fig. 3366. Obolaria virginica L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753.
Stems 3'-6' high from a perennial base with thick fibrous roots, bearing 2-6 pairs of thick small obtuse scales in place of leaves. Floral leaves broadly obovate-cuneate, obtuse, purplish, 4"-6" long; flowers sessile or nearly so in the axils, in clusters of 1-4 (usually 3), and terminal; corolla about 5" long, cleft to about the middle, the lobes oblong, obtuse, entire, or denticulate; stamens included; capsule 2$" long.
In rich woods and thickets. New Jersey to Georgia, west to Illinois and Texas. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. April-May.
10. BARTONIA Muhl. ; Willd. Xeue Schrift. Gcs. Xat. Fr. Berlin 3 : 444. 1801.
Slender or filiform erect glabrous annual or biennial herbs, the leaves reduced to minute opposite subulate scales, or some of them alternate, and white purplish or yellowish racemose or paniculate flowers, or these rarely solitary and terminal. Calyx deeply 4-parted, the seg- ments lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla campanulate, deeply 4-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted at the sinuses of corolla; filaments slender, longer than the ovate sagittate anthers. Ovary i-celled, the placentae intruded ; ovules numerous ; style very short or none; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid-oblong, compressed, acute, 2-valved. Seeds minute, covering the whole inner surface of the capsule. [In honor of Professor Benjamin Smith Barton, 1766-1815, of Philadelphia.]
Four species, natives of eastern North America. Type species : Bartonia tenella Willd.
Corolla yellowish, il/2"-2" long.
Corolla-lobes oblong, abruptly tipped, erose.
Corolla-lobes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire. Corolla white, 3"-4" long, its lobes spatulate.
1. B. virginica.
2. B. paniculata.
3. B. verna.
i. Bartonia virginica (L.) B.S.P. Yellow Bartonia. Fig. 3367-
Sagina virginica L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753.
B. tenella Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin 3: 445. 1801.
Bartonia virginica B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888.
Stem rather stiff, almost filiform, 4'-is' high, simple, or with few erect branches above, 5-angled, yellowish green, sometimes twisted. Subulate scales i"-2" long, appressed, mostly opposite, the basal pairs close together, the upper dis- tant ; flowers mostly opposite ; pedicels ascending or erect, 2"-6" long; corolla greenish yellow or whitish, i}"-2" long, its lobes oblong, obtuse, denticulate or erose. somewhat ex- ceeding the calyx; stamens included; ovary 4-sided; stigma about i" long; capsule about \\" long.
In moist soil. Nova Scotia to Florida, Michigan, Minnesota and Louisiana. Screw-stem. July-Sept.
GENUS 10.
GEXTIAN FAMILY.
2. Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Robin- son. Branched Bartonia. Fig. 3368.
Centaurclla paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 98.
1803.
?C. Moseri Steud. & Hochst. ; Griseb. Gent. 308. 1839 B. paniculata Robinson, Rhodora 10 : 35. 1908. B. lanceolata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 932. 1903.
Slender, 8'-i6' high, mostly paniculately branch- ed above, the branches and scales mainly alter- nate, the slender pedicels spreading or ascending. Corolla yellowish-white or greenish, about twice as long as the calyx, its lanceolate acute or acumi- nate lobes i"-ii" long; anthers yellow.
In wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida, Arkansas and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct.
Bartonia iodandra Robinson, of bogs in Newfound- land and Nova Scotia, has larger purplish flowers with broader ovate-lanceolate corolla-lobes and pur- ple-brown anthers.
White Bartonia.
3. Bartonia verna (Michx.) Muhl. Fig. 3369-
Centaurella verna Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 97. pi. 12. f. i. Bartonia verna Muhl. Cat. 16. 1813.
1803.
Stem thicker and less rigid than that of the two preceding species, usually simple, 2'-! 5' high, racemosely or corymbosely i-several-flowered. Bracts distant, appressed, some of them commonly alternate ; flowers solitary at the ends of the elon- gated erect peduncles, 3 "-4" long; peduncles sometimes 2' long; corolla white, its lobes spatulate or obovate, obtuse, denticulate or entire, about 3 times the length of the calyx; ovary compressed; capsule about 2i" high.
In moist sand, southern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. March-May.
Family 16. MENYANTHACEAE G. Don, Card. Diet. 4: 167. 1837.
BUCKBEAN FAMILY.
Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with basal or alternate entire crenate or 3-foliolate leaves, and clustered regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnelform to rotate, 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes indtiplicate-valvate, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla, and alternate with its lobes ; filaments mostly short ; anther-sacs longitudinally dehis- cent ; pollen-grains 3-angled. Ovary i-celled, the 2 placentae sometimes intruded ; style long, short or none. Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent.
Five genera and about 35 species, widely distributed.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; swamp plant. i. Menyanthes.
Leaves simple, entire, cordate, floating. 2. Nymphoidcs.
i. MENYANTHES [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 145. 1753.
A perennial glabrous marsh herb, with creeping rootstocks, alternate long-petioled 3-foliolate basal leaves, and white or purplish flowers, racemose or panicled on long lateral scapes or peduncles. Calyx 5-parted, the segments oblong or lanceolate. Corolla short- funnelform, 5-cleft, its lobes induplicate-valvate, fimbriate or bearded within, spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers sagittate. Disk of 5 hypogynous glands. Ovary i-celled ; style subulate, persistent ; stigma 2-lamellate. Cap- sule oval, indehiscent or finally rupturing. Seeds compressed-globose, shining. [Greek, per- haps month-flower, name used by Theophrastus.]
A monotypic genus of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere.
MENYANTHACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean.
Marsh or Bean Trefoil. Bog-bean
or -myrtle. Fig. 3370.
Menyanthes trifoliata L. Sp. PI. US. 1753-
Rootstock thick, scaly, sometimes i° long, mark- ed by the scars of bases of former petioles. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles sheathing at the base, 2-10' long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, pinnately veined, ii'~3' long; raceme borne on a long scape-like naked peduncle, arising from the root- stock, io-20-flowered ; pedicels stout, 3"-i2" long, bracteolate at the base; flowers 5"-6" long; calyx shorter than the white or purplish corolla, which is bearded with white hairs within ; stamens shorter than the corolla and style exserted, or longer and style nearly included; capsule ovoid, obtuse, about 4" long.
In bogs, Greenland to Alaska, south to Long Island, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Nebraska and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Water- or bitter trefoil. Water-shamrock. Moon-flower. Marsh-clover. Bitter worm. Bog-nut. Brook-bean. May-July.
2. NYMPHOIDES Hill, Brit. Herb. 77. 1756. [LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmelin, Nov. Act. Acad. Petrop. 14: 527. pi. 17. f. 2. 1/69.]
Aquatic perennial herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves floating, petioled, ovate or orbicular, deeply cordate, entire or repand, or the primary ones different; flowers yello'w or white, polygamous, umbellate at the summit of filiform stems at the bases of the petioles, or axillary, often accompanied by a cluster of thick elongated root-like tubers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes indupl'cate-valvate in the bud, sometimes fimbriate on the margins, glandular at the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; filaments short ; anthers sagittate, versatile. Ovary i-celled ; style short or none ; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid or oblong, indehiscent or irregularly bursting. Seeds numerous or few, smooth or rough. [Greek, like Nymphaea.]
About 20 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. The following are the only ones known to occur in North America. Type species : Nymphoides flava Hill.
Flowers white, accompanied by tufts of root-like tubers ; native species.
Floating leaves i'-2f long; flowers 3"-6" broad ; seeds smooth. i. N. lacunosum.
Floating leaves z'-6' long ; flowers 6"-io" broad ; seeds rough. 2. N. aquaticum.
Flowers not accompanied by tufts of tubers; corolla bright yellow, i' broad or more; introduced species. 3. N. nymphacoides.
i. Nymphoides lacunosum (Vent.) Kuntze. Floating Heart. Fig. 3371.
Villarsia lacunosa Vent. Choix des Plantes, 9. 1803. Limnanthemitm lacunosum Griseb. Gent. 347. 1839. Nymphoides lacunosum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 429. 1891.
Rootstock buried in the mud, the roots long and fibrous. Primary leaves membranous, submerged, short- petioled; stems (stolons) filiform, greatly elongated, sometimes 10° long, bearing a short-petioled floating leaf, an umbel of flowers and a cluster of narrow tubers at its summit, or some of the floating leaves on petioles as long as the stems ; floating leaves ovate-orbicular, purplish beneath, i'-2' long, the basal sinus narrow or broad; pedicels slender: tubers linear-conic, \'-\' long; flowers nearly white, 3"-6" broad; style none; capsule ovoid, covered by the connivent calyx-segments; seeds numerous, smooth.
In ponds. Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Min- nesota and Louisiana. July-Aug.
GENUS 2.
BUCKBEAN FAMILY.
2. Nymphoides aquaticum (Walt.) Kuntze. Larger Floating Heart.
Fig. 3372.
Anonymos aqiiatica Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788. Villarsia aqiiatica Gmel. Syst. i : 447. 1791. Menyanthes trachysperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i :
126. 1803. Liinnantheiiniin trachyspermum A. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 390. 1867. Limnanthemvm aquaticnm Britton, Trans. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. 9: 12. 1889. Nymphoides aquaticum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI.
429. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species but stouter and larger. Floating leaves cordate-orbicular, thick, entire or repand, 2-6' long, spongy, and with the petioles and stolons densely covered with minute pits; primary leaves spatulate; pedicels slender, i'~3' long; tubers^ linear- oblong, thicker; corolla white, 6"-io" broad; style none ; seeds rough ; capsule longer than the calyx.
In ponds, southern New Jersey and Delaware to Florida and Texas. May-Aug.
3. Nymphoides nymphaeoides (L.)
Britton. Water Lily. Floating
Heart. Fig. 3373.
Menyanthes nymphaeoides L. Sp. PI. 145. 1753.
Limnanthemum nymphaeoides Hoffm. & Link, Fl. Port, i : 344. 1809.
Stems long, stout, creeping or buried in the mud, ascending to the surface of the water, branched, the upper nodes bearing a petioled leaf and a cluster of flowers, or the upper internodes very short and their leaves apparently opposite. Petioles stout, mostly longer than the ovate-orbicular firm blades, which are 2'-4' broad; pedicels stout, becoming 3'-6' long, not accompanied by tufts of tubers; flowers bright yellow, i in diameter, or more ; corolla segments short-fringed ; seeds with fimbriate margins.
Naturalized in ponds, District of Columbia. Native of Europe and Asia. May-July.
Family 17. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 299. 1836.
DOGBANE FAMILY.
Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly with an acrid milky juice, with simple opposite alternate or verticillate exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted cymose solitary or paniculate flowers. Calyx infe- rior, persistent, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, its lobes convolute in the bud and often twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; anthers linear-oblong, or sagittate, 2-celled ; pollen-grains simple, often glutinous. Ovary superior, or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct carpels, or i-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled ; ovules few or numerous, anatropous or amphitropous ; style simple, or 2-divided ; stigma simple. Fruit usually of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds often appendaged by a coma; endosperm fleshy, not copious; embryo straight; cotyledons flat or concave ; radicle terete, usually shorter than the cotyledons.
About 130 genera and noo species, very widely distributed, mostly in tropical regions. Leaves alternate ; erect herbs. i. Amsonia.
Leaves opposite ; vines or herbs.
Flowers large, axillary, solitary. 2. Vinca.
20
APOCYXACEAE.
VOL. III.
Flowers small, cymose.
Erect or diffuse herbs ; corolla campanulate. High-climbing vines ; corolla funnelform.
3. Apocynum.
4. Trachelospermiun.
i. AMSONIA Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788.
Perennial herbs, with alternate membranous leaves, and rather large blue or bluish flowers, in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acuminate. Corolla mostly salverform, the tube cylindric, but somewhat dilated at the summit, villous within. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla, included; anthers ovate or oblong. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels, connected at the top by the filiform style ; ovules in 2 rows in each cavity, numerous ; stigma appendaged by a reflexed membrane. Fruit of 2 cylindric several-seeded follicles. Seeds cylindric or oblong, obliquely truncate at each end, not appendaged. [Named for Charles Amson of South Carolina.]
About 8 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walt.
!• Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britton. Am-
Tabernaemontana Amsonia L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 308.
1762.
Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788. A. salicifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 184. 1814. A. Amsonia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 262. 1894.
Glabrous or nearly so, simple, or branched above, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, entire, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, sometimes pubescent beneath, 2'-4' long, i'-2' wide ; petioles 2"-4" long; flowers numerous ; pedicels bracteolate at the base ; calyx about i" long, its segments subulate ; corolla 6"-o." long, beaked by the convolute limb in the bud, its lobes linear and about as long as the tube ; follicles 2'-4' long, about 2" thick, attenuate at the apex, glabrous, divergent or ascending; seeds papillose.
In moist soil. New Jersey to Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Consists of several races, differing in leaf-form. April-July.
2. VI'NCA L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753.
Erect or trailing herbs, some species slightly woody, with opposite leaves, and large soli- tary blue pink or white axillary flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acuminate. Corolla salverform. the tube cylindric, or expanded above, pubescent within, the lobes convo- lute, at least in the bud, oblique. Stamens included. Disk of 2 glands, alternate with the 2 carpels. Ovules several in each carpel; style filiform; stigma annular, its apex penicillate. Follicles 2, erect or spreading, cylindric, several-seeded. Seeds oblong-cylindric, truncate at each end, not appendaged. [The Latin name.]
About 12 species, natives of the Old World. Typ< species : Vinca major L.
i. Vinca minor L. Periwinkle. Myrtle. Fig- 3375-
Vinca minor L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753.
Perennial, trailing, glabrous ; stems 6'-2° long. Leaves oblong to ovate, entire, firm, green both sides, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, i'-2i' long, J'-l' wide; flowers not numerous, solitary in some of the axils, blue, 9"-is" broad; peduncles slender, i'-ii' long; calyx very deeply parted, the segments subu- late-lanceolate, glabrous, about ij' long; corolla- tube expanded above, as long as or slightly longer than the obovate, nearly truncate lobes ; anther- sacs with a broad connective; follicles few-seeded.
Escaped from gardens to roadsides and woods. On- tario to Connecticut, southern New York and Geor- gia. Native of Europe. Leaves shining. Also called running myrtle or small periwinkle. Feb.-May.
GENUS 3.
DOGBANE FAMILY.
21
3. APOCYNUM L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753.
Perennial branching herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and small white or pink flowers in terminal and sometimes axillary corymbed cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments acute. Corolla urceolate to campanulate, the tube bearing within 5 small appendages alternate with the stamens, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla ; anthers sagit- tate, connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; stigma ovoid, obtuse, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, elongated, terete. Seeds numerous, small, tipped with a long coma. [Greek, dogbane.] About 1 1 species, of the north temperate zone, most abundant in North America. Type species : Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Corolla campanulate, not angled, 4"-4j4" long, pink, its lobes widely spreading or recurved.
i. A. androsaemifolium. Corolla urceolate to short-tubular, or narrowly campanulate, angled, ij4 "-3J4" long, greenish,
white, or faintly pink, its lobes a little spreading, or erect.
Corolla narrowly campanulate, 2 J/2 "-3 l/2 " long, lobes nearly equal the tube. z, A. medium. Corolla urceolate to short-tubular, il/2"-z" long, lobes much shorter than the tube. Calyx-lobes ovate, much shorter than the corolla tube. 3. A. Milleri.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, about as long as the corolla-tube. Leaves and cymes glabrous, or sparingly pubescent.
Leaves all narrowed at the base and distinctly petioled ; flowers greenish ; plant rather
bright green. 4. A. cannabinum.
At least the lower leaves sessile, and mostly rounded or subcordate at the base ; plant
pale glaucous green ; flowers white. 5. A. sibiricum.
Leaves, cymes, and often the whole plant densely pubescent. 6. A. pubescens.
I. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane. Fig. 3376.
Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753. .Syst. Ed. 10, 946. 1759.
A. diver gens Greene, Leaflets i : 56. 1904.
Rootstock horizontal ; stem i°-4° high ; branches broadly spreading, mostly glabrous. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, glabrous above, pale and usually more or less pubescent beneath, 2'-4' long, i'-2\' wide; petioles 2"~4" long; cymes loose; pedicels 2"-^" long, subulate- bracted at the base ; flowers about 4" broad ; calyx- segments shorter than the tube of the pinkish corolla; corolla-lobes revolute; follicles about 4' long, narrowed at the apex.
In fields and thickets, Anticosti to British Colum- bia, south to Georgia, Missouri, Nebraska and Ari- zona. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Honey-bloom. Bitter-root or -dogbane. Rheumatism-wood. Wild ipecac. Wandering milk-weed. Western wall-flower. Fly-trap. June-July. Linnaeus inadvertently failed to affix a binominal specific name in the first edition of his "Species Plantarum," but corrected this six years later.
2. Apocynum medium Greene. Intermediate Dogbane. Fig- 3377-
Apocynum medium Greene, Pittonia 3: 29. 1897.
Apocynum spcciosnm G. S. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13: 83. 1899.
Rootstock horizontal ; stem stout, 4° high or less, the branches ascending, glabrous. Leaves oblong to oval or elliptic, mucronulate, ascending, 2i'~4' long, somewhat pubescent beneath ; petioles 2"_4" long; cymes terminal, compact; pedicels \\"-2\" long; flowers erect; calyx-segments ovate, about half as long as the 5-angled corolla-tube ; corolla white or pinkish, 2\"-$\" long, urceolate-campanulate, its lobes acutish, somewhat spreading, nearly as long as the tube; follicles $'-4' long.
Fields and hillsides, Quebec to the District of Columbia, west to Iowa. June-Aug.
2
APOCYNACEAE.
VOL. 111.
3. Apocynum Milleri Britton. Miller's Dogbane. Fig. 3378.
Apocynum Milleri Britton, Manual 739. 1901.
Stem slender, 3° high or less, the branches spreading. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2i'-3i' long, pubescent beneath, the pubescent petioles ii"-3" long; cymes small, terminal or also in the upper axils, the pedicels \"-\\" long; flowers nearly erect; corolla pinkish, 2|"-3" long, its rounded segments spreading, much shorter than the tube, which is longer than the ovate calyx-segments; follicles about 4' long.
Dry soil, New York to Maryland and the Dis- trict of Columbia. June-July.
4. Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. Amy-root. Fig. 3379.
Apocynum cannabinum L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753.
A. cannabinum glaberrimum DC. Prodr. 8: 439. 1844.
A. nemorale G. S. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13 : 87.
1899. Apocynum urceolifer G. S. Miller, loc. cit.
Root deep, vertical, soon branching. Stem exten- sively branched, the branches erect or ascending, glabrous or nearly so, more or less glaucous. Leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, glabrous above, sometimes pu- bescent beneath, 2'-6' long, £'-3' wide ; petioles i"-6" long, or sometimes none; cymes dense; pedicels short, bracteolate at the base; calyx-segments about as long as the tube of the greenish-white corolla ; corolla-lobes nearly erect; follicles similar to those of the preceding species.
In fields and thickets, Connecticut to Wisconsin, Ala- bama, Tennessee, Missouri and Kansas, perhaps extend- ing farther north. Rheumatism-root. Wild cotton.
5. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. Clasping- leaved Dogbane. Fig. 3380.
A. sibiricum Jacq. Hort. Vind. 3: 37. pi. 66. 1776.
A. hypericifolium Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 304. 1789.
A. cannabinum var. hypericifolium A. Gray, Man.
365. 1848. Apocynum album Greene, Pittonia 3: 230. 1897.
Glabrous, pale green, often glaucous ; stem I°-2° high, the branches ascending. Leaves ob- long, oblong-lanceolate to oval, i'-3' long, i'-ii' wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cordate- clasping, rounded, truncate, or most of the upper narrowed at the base, short-petioled, or sessile, the primary venation forming broad angles with the midvein ; cymes many-flowered, dense to loose; pedicels mostly not longer than the flow- ers, bracteolate ; calyx-segments about as long as the corolla-tube, lanceolate, acute ; corolla-lobes nearly erect; follicles 2'~3i' long.
Mostly along streams. Quebec to British Columbia, Long Island, Ohio, Kansas and New Mexico. St. John's-dogbane. June-Aug.
UEXUS 3.
DOGBANE FAMILY.
6. Apocynum pubescens R. Br. Velvet Dog- bane. Fig. 3381.
A. pubescens R. Br. Mem. Wern. Soc. i : 68. 1811. Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens A. DC. Prodr. 8 : 440. 1844.
Whole plant, including the pedicels and calyx, densely velvety-pubescent, or the stem sometimes glabrate. Branches ascending; leaves oval to elliptic, obtuse or acute at the apex, strongly mucronate, obtuse or obtusish at the base, the veins impressed in the pubescence of the lower surface ; petioles i"-2" long; cymes dense; calyx-segments about as long as the tube of the corolla, lanceolate, acute; corolla- lobes erect; follicles about 4' long.
In dry sandy soil, Ontario to Rhode Island, Maryland, Alabama, Iowa and Kansas. April-Aug. Perhaps a pu- bescent race of A. cannabinum L.
4. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire, Jard. Fleur. i: pi. 61. 1851.
Twining woody vines (some exotic species nearly erect shrubs), with opposite entire deciduous leaves, and small yellow greenish or white flowers in terminal and axillary com- pound cymes. Calyx small, deeply. 5-parted, glandular within, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube nearly cylindric, expanded above, the lobes convolute, more or less twisted. Stamens included, or short exserted; anthers sagittate, acuminate, connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk of 5 glandular lobes. Ovary of 2 carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; style slender, its apex thickened below the narrow ring of the ovoid stigma. Follicles much elongated, slender. Seeds linear or oblong, not beaked, long-comose at the apex. [Greek, neck-seed, but the seed is not beaked.]
About 6 species, natives of eastern Asia and North America. Type species : Trachelospermum jasminoides Lemaire, of eastern Asia. The following is the only known North American species.
i. Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) A. Gray. Trachelospermum. Fig. 3382.
Echites difformis Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788. Forsteronia difformis A. DC. Prodr. 8 : 437. 1844. T. difforme A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 85. 1878.
A high-climbing vine, the stems £' in diameter or more, the twigs pubescent or glabrous. Leaves thin, ovate, oval or lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rarely rounded at the base, iJ'-3' long, i'-2' wide ; petioles 2"-$" long ; peduncles slen- der, shorter than the leaves ; pedicels and branches of the cyme bracteolate at the base ; flowers yellow or cream-color, 4"-s" long; lobes of the corolla ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube ; follicles very slender, s'-o/ long, scarcely 2" thick; many-seeded.
In moist woods and along streams, Delaware to Flor- ida, Texas and Mexico, mostly near the coast, north to Arkansas and Missouri. June-Aug.
Family 18. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 302. 1836.*
MILKWEED FAMILY.
Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky juice, with opposite alter- nate or verticillate exstipulate leaves, and mostly umbellate perfect regular flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate in the bud. Corolla campanulate, urceolate, rotate or funnelform, 5~lobed or 5-cleft, the segments commonly reflexed, mostly valvate in the bud. A 5-lobed or 5-parted crown (corona) between the corolla and the stamens and adnate to one or the other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, usually near its base; fila- ments short, stout, mostly monadelphous, or distinct; anthers attached by their
* Text revised for our first edition by Miss ANNA MURRAY VAIL, here somewhat modified.
24 ASCLEPIADACEAE. VOL. 111.
bases to the filaments, introrsely 2-celled, connivent around the stigma, or more or less united with each other ; anther-sacs tipped with an inflexed or erect scarious membrane, or unappendaged at the top, sometimes appendaged at the base ; pollen coherent into waxy or granular masses, one or rarely two such masses in each sac, connected with the stigma in pairs or fours, by 5 glandular corpuscles alternate with the anthers. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels; styles 2, short, connected at the summit by the peltate discoid stigma; ovules numerous in each carpel, mostly anatropous, pendulous. Fruit of 2 several-many-seeded follicles. Seeds com- pressed, usually appendaged by ?„ long coma ; endosperm cartilaginous, mostly thin ; embryo nearly as long as the seed ; cotyledons flat.
About 220 genera and 2000 species, of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant in tropical or warm-temperate regions. Erect or decumbent herbs.
Corona-hoods each with an incurved horn within ; eaves mostly opposite. i. Asclepias.
Corona-hoods prominently crested within ; leaves alternate. 2. Asclepiodora,
Corona-hoods unappendaged or with a thickened crest-like keel. 3. Acerates.
Twining vines.
Corolla-lobes erect ; corona-lobes i-2-awned. 4. Gonolobus.
Corolla rotate.
Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane ; pollen-masses pendulous. 5. Cynanchum.
Anthers merely tipped ; pollen-masses horizontal. 6. Vincetoxiciim.
i. ASCLEPIAS L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753.
Perennial erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite verticillate or rarely alternate entire leaves, and middle-sized or small flowers in terminal or axillary umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, usually small, the segments or sepals acute, often glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments mostly valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present. Corona of 5 concave erect or spreading hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate incurved horn, either included or exserted. Filaments connate into a tube; anthers tipped with an inflexed membrane, winged, the wings broadened below the middle; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5-angled or s-lobed. Follicles acuminate. Seeeds comose in all but one species. [Dedicated to Aesculapius.]
About 95 species, mostly natives of the New World : besides the following, some 25 others occur in southern and western North America. Known as Milkweed, Silkweed, or Swallow-wort. Type species : Asclepias syrlaca L.
* Corolla and corona orange; leaves alternate or opposite.
Stem erect or ascending ; leaves nearly all alternate. i. A. tuberosa.
Stems reclining ; leaves, at least the upper, opposite, oblong or oval. 2. A. decumbens.
** Corolla bright red or purple (sometimes greenish in A. rubra) leaves opposite. Flowers 4"-6" broad ; corona-hoods 2" -3" high.
Leaves lanceolate or linear ; hoods oblong, obtuse. 3. A. lanceolata.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; hoods lanceolate. 4. A. rubra.
Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-oblong; hoods oblong, acutish. 5. A.purpurascens.
Flowers 2" -3" broad ; corona-hoods i"— i J4" high.
Plant nearly or quite glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 6. A. incarnata.
Plant pubescent ; leaves oblong. 7. A. pulchra.
*** Corolla greenish, purplish, yellowish or white; leaves opposite or verticillate. Leaves ovate, oblong, ovate-lanceolate, obovate or orbicular. Plants glabrous throughout, or minutely pubescent above. Leaves sessile, clasping or very short-petioled.
Peduncles of the solitary or several umbels short.
Leaves ovate-oblong ; hoods 2-auriculate at the base. 8. A. Sullivantii.
Leaves nearly orbicular ; hoods truncate. 9. A. latifolia.
Peduncle of the usually solitary umbel elongated. Leaves wavy-margined.
Leaves cordate-clasping. 10. A. amplexicaulis.
Leaves rounded at the base, short-petioled. n. A. intermedia.
Leaves sessile, flat ; horn not exceeding the hood. 12. A.Meadii.
Leaves manifestly petioled.
Corolla greenish; umbels loose, the pedicels drooping. 13. A.exaltata.
Corolla white; umbels dense. 14- A.variegata.
Corolla pink; some of the leaves verticillate in 4's. 15- A. quadrifolia.
Plants, at least the lower surfaces of the leaves, canescent or tomentose. Follicles tomentose, covered with soft spinose processes.
Corona-hoods obtuse, short. 16. A.syriaca.
Corona-hoods elongated, lanceolate. J7« A.speciosa.
Follicles with no spinose processes, glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves wavy-margined; corolla-segments 4"-s" long. 18. A.arenaria.
Leaves flat; corolla-segments 2" -3" long. 19- A.ovahfolia.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear.
Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
Leaves thick, short-petioled; inflorescence woolly. 20. A. brachy Stephana.
Leaves thin, slender-petioled ; inflorescence downy. 21. A.pcrennis.
GENUS I.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
Leaves mostly verticillate in 3's-6's, narrowly linear.
Hoods entire.
Hoods dorsally hastate-sagittate. Leaves scattered, densely crowded, filiform-linear.
i. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed or -flower. Pleurisy-root. Fig. 3383.
Asclepias tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753.
Hirsute-pubescent ; stems stout, simple, or branched near the summit, ascending or erect, very leafy, i°-2° high, the milky sap scanty. Leaves alternate, lanceolate or oblong, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded or cordate at the base, sessile or short-petioled, 2'-6' long, 2"-i2" wide ; umbels cymose, terminal, many-flowered ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; pedicels \'-\ long; corolla-segments about 3" long, greenish orange ; corona-column about \" long; hoods erect, oblong, bright orange, or yel- low, 2-3 times as long as the stamens, longer than the filiform horns; fruiting pedicels decurved; follicles nearly erect, finely pubescent, 4'-$' long.
In dry fields, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Texas, Chihuahua and Arizona. Consists of numerous races, differing in shape and size of the leaves and color of the flowers. June-Sept. Wind- or orange-root. Canada-, flux-, tuber- or white-root. Orange swallow-wort. Yellow milkweed. Indian-posy.
22. A. verticillata.
23. A.galioides.
24. A. pumila.
2. Asclepias decumbens L. Decumbent Butterfly-weed. Fig. 3384.
Asclepias decumbens L. Sp. PI. 216. 1753.
Hirsute-pubescent ; stems decumbent, 2°-3° long, the ends ascending or erect. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, oblong or elliptic, obtuse at the apex, narrowed and often inequilateral at the base, I '-3' long, \'-2\' wide, the upper opposite, the lower commonly alternate, the uppermost very small; umbels several or numerous, many- flowered, racemose along the branches, one usually in each of the upper axils; peduncles stout, short; pedicels slender, pubescent, about i' long; corolla-segments oblong, acutish, dark orange, about 3" long; column about \" high, the hoods erect, oblong, orange, longer than the subulate horn ; follicles slender.
In dry fields, Illinois and Ohio to North Carolina and Florida. Creeping milkweed. June-Aug.
3. Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Few-flowered Milkweed. Fig. 3385.
Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 105. 1788. A. paiipercula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 118. 1803.
Glabrous ; stem slender, usually simple, naked above, 2°-4° high. Leaves opposite, distant, linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, acuminate, nar- rowed at the base, short-petioled, 4'-io' long, 2"-?" wide, roughish on the margins, the primary nerves widely spreading; umbels few-flowered, solitary or 2-4 at the summit; peduncles about equalling the slender puberulent pedicels ; corolla-segments oblong, 4"-5" long, deep red; column thick, about i" high; hoods obovate or oblong, obtuse, orange, 2-toothed near the base, nearly twice the length of the anthers and longer than the subulate incurved horn ; fruit- ing pedicels decurved ; follicles erect, minutely puberulent, fusiform, about 4' long.
In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. June-Aug.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. Asclepias rubra L. Red Milkweed. Fig. 3386.
Asclepias rubra L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753.
Nearly glabrous throughout ; stem usually sim- ple, i°-4° high. Leaves opposite, rather distant, short-petioled, ovate, lanceolate or the lower some- times oblong, rounded or subcordate at the base, gradually acuminate, rather firm, 3'-8' long, i'-2J' wide, the primary nerves wide-spreading; umbels 1-4, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than or equalling the upper leaves; pedicels slender, downy, \'-\ long; corolla-segments and hoods lanceolate- oblong, purplish red, or the hoods orange-red, 3"-4" long, or flowers sometimes greenish ; horns of the hoods very slender, nearly straight; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the follicles erect, spindle-shaped, glabrous, about 4' long.
In moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Flor- ida, Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. June-July.
5. Asclepias purpurascens L. Purple Milkweed. Fig. 3387.
Asclepias purpurascens L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753. ^Asclepias amoena L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753.
Stem stout, puberulent or glabrous, usually sim- ple, 2°-4° high, leafy to the top. Leaves ovate, elliptic or oblong, short-petioled, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or round- ed at the base, nearly glabrous above, finely tomentose beneath, 3'-o long, ii'-3' wide, the primary nerves very wide-spreading; umbels many-flowered, borne in several of the upper axils, or sometimes solitary; peduncles stout; pedicels slender, puberulent, i'-ii' long; corolla deep purple, its segments oblong to oblong-lan- ceolate, about 3" long; column very short and thick ; hoods oblong or ovate, nearly twice as long as the anthers, pale red or purple, the horns broad at the insertion, short-subulate and incurved at the apex ; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the downy follicles nearly erect, 4'-$' long.
In dry fields and thickets, New Hampshire to North Carolina, west to southern Ontario, Minne- sota and Arkansas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Cats- kills. June-Aug.
6. Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milk- weed. Fig. 3388.
Asclepias incarnata L. Sp. PI. 215. 1753.
Stem slender, glabrous, or puberulent in 2 lines above, branched or rarely simple, 2°-4° high, leafy to the top. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, ob- tuse or sometimes subcordate at the base, 3 '-6' long, |'-ii' wide, the primary nerves not wide- spreading; petioles 3"-6" long; umbels usually numerous, corymbed, many-flowered ; pedicels pubescent, 5"-io" long; corolla red or rose- purple, rarely white, its lobes oblong, about 2" long; column more than one-half as long as the obtuse pink or purplish hoods; horns slender, in- curved, longer than the hoods ; anther-wings en- tire, or obscurely notched at the base; fruiting pedicels erect or incurved ; follicles erect, 2'-3i' long, sparingly puberulent.
In swamps, New Brunswick to Ontario, Saskatch- ewan, Tennessee, Louisiana and Colorado. Ascends to 3000 ft. in West Virginia. Rose- or swamp-silk- weed. Water nerve-root. White Indian-hemp. July- Sept.
CENUS I.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
27
7. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. Hairy Milk- weed. Fig. 3389.
Asclepias pulchra Ehrh.; Willd. Sp. PI. i : 1267. 1798. A. incarnata var. pulchra Pers. Syn. i : 276. 1805.
Similar to the preceding species and perhaps hy- bridizing with it where the two grow together ; stem stout, tomentose-pubescent, usually branched, 2°-3i° high, leafy to the top. Leaves broadly lan- ceolate, acute, acuminate or some of them obtusish at the apex, subcordate, rounded, or the upper nar- rowed at the base, puberulent or glabrous above, pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 3' -5' long, i'-2' wide ; petioles usually stout and short ; flowers similar to those of A. incarnata, but the corolla commonly lighter red or pink, rarely white; pedun- cles and pedicels tomentose; fruiting pedicels erect or incurved; follicles erect, densely pubescent, 2'-3' long.
In moist fields and swamps, Nova Scotia to Minne- sota, south to Georgia. White Indian-hemp. July-Sept.
8. Asclepias Sullivantii Engelm. Sulli- vant's Milkweed. Fig. 3390.
A. Sullivantii Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 366. 1848.
Glabrous throughout ; stem stout, simple or sometimes branched above, 2°-4° high, leafy to the top. Leaves thick, sessile, or on petioles less than i" long, oblong or ovate-oblong, usually obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, subcordate, rounded or slightly clasping at the base, 4'-6' long, iJ'-3' wide, the primary nerves very wide- spreading; umbels terminal and sometimes also in the upper axils, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla-segments oval- oblong, s"-6" long, purplish ; column very short and thick; hoods oval, obtuse or truncate, gib- bous at each side near the base, longer than the anthers and the subulate incurved horn ; follicles erect, glabrous, 3'~4' long, usually with blunt processes near the apex.
In moist soil, southern Ontario to Ohio, Minne- sota, Nebraska, Missouri and Kansas. July-Sept.
9. Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf. Broad-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3391.
Asclepias obtusifolia var. latifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 117. 1826.
Asclepias latifolia Raf. Atl. Journ. 146. 1832-33. A. Jamesii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 162. 1859.
Minutely puberulent wnen young, glabrous when old ; stem stout, usually simple, l°-22° high, very leafy. Leaves very thick, oval to orbicular, sessile or nearly so, commonly broadly emarginate and mucronulate at the apex and cordate or subcordate at the base, 4'-6' long and nearly as wide, primary nerves very wide-spreading; umbels 2-4, many- flowered, short-peduncled in the upper axils or rarely terminal; pedicels slender, canescent, nearly i' long; corolla-segments ovate, acute, 4"-6" long, greenish ; column short and thick; hoods truncate, about equal- ling the anthers, the horn projecting from a short crest over the edge of the stigma ; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, ovoid, acutish, 2'-3' long, about i' thick.
On dry plains, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Ari- zona. July-Sept.
28
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
10. Asclepias amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. Blunt-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3392.
A. amplexicaulis J. E. Smith, Georgia Insects 1:13. pi. 7- 1797-
A. obtusifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 115. 1803.
Nearly glabrous, pale green, somewhat glau- cous ; stem stout, erect or ascending, 2°-3° high. Leaves sessile, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, $'-5' long, l'— if' wide, margins wavy- crisped; umbels many-flowered, usually solitary on the long terminal peduncle, rarely with a second shorter-peduncled one at its base ; pedi- cels slender, downy, about i' long; corolla-seg- ments oblong, greenish-purple, about 4" long; column thick; hoods pink, nearly truncate and toothed at the summit, shorter than the subulate incurved horn, longer than the anthers; follicles erect on the stout decurved fruiting pedicels, downy, 4'-6' long.
In dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, New Hamp- shire to Florida, northern New York, Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Vir- ginia. May-Aug.
A. Bicknellii Vail, Bull. Torn Club 31: 458, is ap- parently a hybrid between A. amplexicaulis J. E. Smith and A. exaltata (L.) Muhl.
ii. Asclepias intermedia Vail. Intermediate Milkweed. Fig. 3393.
A. intermedia Vail, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 459. 1904.
Stem erect, glabrous, purplish, not glaucous, about l° high. Leaves oblong-elliptic, glabrous above, mi- nutely pubescent beneath, 6' long or less, obtuse at both ends or the upper subcordate at the base, the petioles very short; umbels 2 or more, terminal, pe- duncled, the peduncles and slender pedicels pubes- cent ; corolla green-purple, its oblong-lanceolate seg- ments 3"-4" long, the erect hoods ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, about 3" long, pink-purple, with a darker stripe on the back, the margins with an erect tooth above the middle, the horn slender.
Lawrence, Long Island. Possibly a hybrid between A. syriaca and A. amplexicaulis.
12. Asclepias Meadii Torr. Mead's Milkweed. Fig- 3394-
A. Meadii Torr. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, Add. 704. 1856.
Nearly glabrous throughout, pale green or glaucous; stem simple, or rarely branched above, i°-2° high. Leaves opposite, sessile, flat, mostly distant, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, the margins scabrous ; umbel solitary, terminal, several-flowered, borne on a peduncle 3'-6' long; corolla-segments greenish, ovate, acute, 3"-4" long; column very short, thicker than high; hoods ovate, purplish, nearly twice as long as the anthers, rounded and truncate at the summit, longer than the subulate inflexed horn, with a small tooth at each side on the inner infolded margin; folli- cles erect on decurved pedicels, minutely puberulent, narrow, 4'-5' long.
In dry soil, Illinois to Iowa and Wisconsin. June-Aug.
GENUS i.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
29
13. Asclepias exaltata (L.) Muhl. Poke or Tall Milkweed. Fig. 3395.
A. Syriaca var. e.val'ata L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 313. 1762.
Asclepias exaltata Muhl. Cat. 28. 1813.
A. phytolaccoid.es Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 180. 1814.
Nearly glabrous throughout, with two opposite lines of pubescence on the usually simple stem, 3°-6° high. Leaves opposite, thin or membranous, oval, ovate or oblong, acuminate at both ends, 4'-o/ long, ij'~4' wide, the lower sometimes obovate, obtuse, shorter; petioles i'-i' long; peduncles i'-3' long; umbels usually several ; pedicels slender, drooping or spreading, i'-2' long, puberulent ; corolla green- purple, the segments ovate or oblong, obtusish, 3"-4" long; column short; hoods white or pink, slightly shorter than the anthers, much shorter than the subulate horn, at the summit truncate and entire or erose, with i or 2 slender teeth on each of the inner margins ; follicles erect on the deflexed pedi- cels, downy, long-acuminate, 4'-6' long.
In thickets and woods, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia, Missouri and Arkansas. Ascends to 5500 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.
14. Asclepias variegata L. White Milk-weed. Fig. 3396.
Asclepias variegata L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753.
Stem glabrous below, pubescent above when young, simple, i °-3° high. Leaves opposite, thick, oval, ovate, oblong or the lower somewhat obo- vate, obtuse and cuspidate or acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, dark green above, pale beneath, 3'-6' long, i'-3' wide, the middle ones sometimes verticillate in 4's ; petioles 3"-i2" long; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely i or 2 in the upper axils, densely many-flowered ; pe- duncles i '-2' long; pedicels i'-ii' long, erect or ascending, usually densely puberulent; corolla- segments ovate or oval, about 3" long, white, or purple near the base ; column very short and thick, purplish ; hoods globose-obovoid, obtuse, spreading, longer than the anthers, about equal- ling the semi-lunate horizontally pointed horn; follicles downy, erect on the deflexed fruiting pedicels, 4'-$' long.
In dry woods or thickets, Connecticut (?), south- ern New York to Illinois, Arkansas, Florida and Texas. June-July.
15. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Four- leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3397.
A. quadrifolia Jacq. Obs. Part 2. 8. pi. 33. 1767.
Stem slender, simple, i°-2° high, usually leaf- less below. Leaves thin, sparingly pubescent on the veins beneath, ovate to lanceolate, 2'-6' long, \'-2\' wide, acute or acuminate, narrowed or rounded at the base, or the lowest pair much smaller, obovate and obtuse, the upper and lower opposite, the middle ones usually verticillate in 4's ; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely in the upper axils; peduncles slender, \'-2\' long; pedicels about i' long; corolla pink or nearly white, its lobes lanceolate-oblong, 2 "-3" long ; column short ; hoods white, obtuse at the apex, broadly 2-toothed above the base, twice as long as the anthers and the short incurved horn ; follicles erect on the erect fruiting pedicels, 3'-$' long, glabrous.
Woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Minne- sota, Alabama and Arkansas. May-July.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
1 6. Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milk- weed. Silkweed. Fig. 3398.
Asclepias syriaca L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753.
Asclepias Cornuti Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 564. 1844.
Stem stout, usually simple, 3°-S° high, finely pubescent at least above. Leaves oblong, oval or ovate, finely and densely pubescent beneath, soon glabrous above, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse, narrowed or subcordate at the base, 4'-*)' long, 2,'-^' wide, the primary nerves wide-spreading; petioles stout, 3"-8' long; umbels several or numerous; peduncles pubescent or tomen- tose, li'-Sa' long; pedicels i'-2' long; corolla green- purple or greenish-white, its segments oblong-lan- ceolate, 3 "-4" long; column short and thick, the hoods ovate-lanceolate with a tooth on each side, longer than the anthers and the incurved horn ; fol- licles 3'-5' long, erect on recurved pedicels, tomen- tose and covered with short soft processes.
In fields and waste' places, New Brunswick to Sas- katchewan, North Carolina and Kansas. Leaves rarely lanceolate. Silky swallow-wort. Virginia silk. Wild cotton. June-Aug.
Asclepias kansana Vail, of Kansas, differs by erect-spreading hoods of the corolla and more densely tomentose follicles.
17. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milk- weed. Fig. 3399.
Asclepias speciosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 218. 1826. A. Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 53. pi. 152. 1834.
White-tomentose or canescent all over, or gla- brate below, pale; stem simple, stout, i°-2i° high. Leaves thick, broadly ovate or oval, obtuse and cus- pidate or acute at the apex, subcordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, petioled, 3'-8' long, 2.'-^ wide ; peduncles i'~3' long; umbels several or rarely soli- tary, many-flowered; pedicels stout, Q"-i8" long; corolla purple-green, its segments oblong or ovate- oblong, 4"-6" long, tomentose on the outer face ; column very short or none ; hoods lanceolate, S"~7" long, obtusish, expanded and with 2 blunt teeth be- low, the apex ligulate, 5-7 times as long as the anthers; horn short, inflexed; follicles erect or spreading on the recurved fruiting pedicels, 3 '-4' long, densely woolly and covered with soft spinose processes.
In moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Kansas. Utah and California. May-July.
18. Asclepias arenaria Torr. Sand Milk- weed. Fig. 3400.
A. arenaria Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 162. 1859. Densely tomentose-canescent all over, stems simple, ascending or erect, stout, i°-2° high. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-margined, thick, obtuse or retuse and cuspidate at the apex, trun- cate, subcordate, obtuse, or rarely some of them narrowed at the base, 2'-4' long, ii'-3' wide, the angle of the primary nervation broad ; umbels densely many-flowered, short-peduncled or ses- sile ; corolla greenish-white, its segments oval- oblong, 4"-s" long; column i"-2" high; hoods oblong, truncate at each end., oblique at the apex, longer than the anthers, with a broad tooth on each side within; horn semi-lunate with an ab- ruptly incurved subulate apex ; follicles puberu- lent, 4'-$' long, erect on the decurved fruiting pedicels.
On sand-bars and hills along rivers, Nebraska and Colorado to Mexico and New Mexico. June-Sept.
GENUS i.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
19. Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. Oval-leaved or Dwarf Milkweed. Fig. 3401.
Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8 : 567. 1844.
Finely tomentose all over ; stem simple, usually slender, erect, io'-2° high. Leaves oval, ovate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 2'-$' long, 4'-ii' wide, short-petioled, the upper surfaces becoming glabrate at maturity; umbels solitary or few, several-many-flowered ; peduncles short; corolla greenish-white or pur- plish, its segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2" -3" long ; column very short ; hoods oval-oblong, yel- lowish, nearly twice as long as the anthers, bear- ing a large acute tooth on each of the inner "mar- gins ; horn subulate, incurved over the stigma ; follicles ascending on the reflexed fruiting pedi- cels, pubescent.
In woods and on prairies, Illinois to North Dakota, \Visconsin, Manitoba and Athabasca. June-July.
20. Asclepias brachystephana Engelm. Short-crowned Milkweed. Fig. 3402.
Asclepias brachystephana Engelm. ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 163. 1859.
Puberulent when young, soon glabrate ; stems clustered, often branched, spreading or ascend- ing, 6' -i 2' long. Leaves mostly opposite, lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, thick, long-acuminate at the apex, rounded, subcordate or narrowed at the base, 2'-5' long, 2 "-6" wide, or the lowest shorter ; petioles I "-4" long; umbels several, terminal and axillary, few-flowered; peduncles short; pedicels densely woolly, equalling or longer than the pe- duncles; corolla greenish-purple, its segments about 2" long; column very short or none; hoods ovate, obtuse, shorter than the anthers, the short erect-incurved horn slightly exserted; follicles erect on the spreading or decurved fruiting pedi- cels, downy or hoary, acuminate, 2'-$' long.
In dry soil, Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth), Wyoming to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. June-Aug.
21. Asclepias perennis Walt. Thin-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3403.
Asclepias perennis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788.
Puberulent above, glabrous below ; stem slen- der, simple or branched, erect, i °-3° high. Leaves thin, opposite, lanceolate, oblong or ovate-lanceo- late, slender-petioled, acuminate or acute at both ends, 2'-6' long, \'-\' wide, nearly glabrous; um- bels solitary or several and corymbose ; peduncles i '-2' long; pedicels slender, i'-i' long; flowers small, white; corolla-segments oblong, i"-2" long; column about \" h;gh ; hoods oval, erect, entire, about as long as the anthers, shorter than the subulate-filiform incurved horn ; follicles gla- brous, erect on the nearly erect fruiting pedicels ; seeds 5"-6" long, 3*"-4i ' wide, thin, usually with- out coma.
On river-shores and in wet places, North Carolina to Indiana, Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. May-Aug.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
22. Asclepias verticillata L. Whorled Milk- weed. Fig. 3404.
Asclepias verticillata L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753. .
Roots slender, fascicled ; stem slender, simple or branched, pubescent in lines above, leafy, \°-2\° high. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, verticillate in 3's~7's or some of them alternate, glabrous or very nearly so, their margins narrowly revolute ; umbels numerous, many-flowered; peduncles slender, i'-ii' long; pedicels almost filiform, shorter than the pe- duncles; corolla greenish white, its segments oblong, \\"-2" long; column about \" high; hoods white, oval, entire, about equalling the anthers, much shorter than the subulate incurved horn-; follicles erect on the erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle- shaped, glabrous, 2'-$' long.
In dry fields and on hills, Maine and southern On- tario to Saskatchewan, south to Florida, Mexico and ^ New Mexico. July-Sept.
23. Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Bedstraw Milk- weed. Fig. 3405.
Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3 : 188. 1818.
Glabrous, except the minutely pubescent stems and pedi- cels. Stems erect, i° high or more, from a horizontal root- stock; leaves erect or spreading, in'vTc'ls of 2-6, narrbwl; linear, 2'-$ long, the margins revolutt ; peduncles longer than the pedicels and shorter than the leaves ; umbels 9"-i3" in diameter ; flowers greenish-white ; corolla-seg- ments 2" long; hoods as high as the anthers, broadly rounded at the summit, dorsally hastate-sagittate, the ven- tral margins slightly involute, entire; horn arising from the base of the hood, long-exserted over the anthers ; anther-wings minutely notched at the base; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, attenuated, 2'-2\' long, glabrous or minutely puberulent.
Kansas to Colorado, Arizona and Mexico.. May-July. ' ,.
24. Asclepias pumila (A. Gra>; Vail. Low Milkweed. Fig. 3406.
Asclepias pumila Vail ; Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 12. 1898.
Asclepias verticillata var. pumila A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 71. 1876.
Stems 4'-io' high, tufted from a we dy root. Leaves very numerous, crowded, sometimes ob- scurely whorled, filiform-linear, i'--'. long, smooth or minutely roughened, the margins rev- olute; umbels 2-several, short-peduncled, few- flowered; pedicels filiform, puberulent, . 3"-4" long; corolla greenish white, its segments ob- long, i$"-2" long; column short; hoods white, erect, oblong, entire, equalling the .anthers, shorter than the slender incurved horn ; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle- shaped, -iiT-3' long, finely puberulent.
Dry plains, Iowa to South Dakota. Arkansas, Texas, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico.
GENUS 2.
.MILKWEED FAMILY.
33
2. ASCLEPIODORA A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 66. 1876.
Erect or decumbent perennial herbs, similar to Asdepias, with alternate or opposite entire leaves, and rather large flowers in terminal solitary or corymbed umbels. Sepals lan- ceolate. Corolla rotate, its segments spreading. Hoods oblong, inserted over the whole of the very short corona-column, curved upward, obtuse, crested within, at least in the upper part, slightly longer than the anther ; at the sinuses between the hoods a small lobe or appendage, alternate with the anther-wings, simulating an inner crown. Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane, their wings horny, narrowed below, sometimes angled above the middle. Pollen-masses pendulous, pyriform, longer than their caudicles. Follicles ovoid or oblong, acuminate, with or without soft spinose processes, erect or ascending on the decurved or twice bent fruiting pedicels. Seeds comose. [Greek, gift of Aesculapius.]
Five or six species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico. Type species : Asclepio- dora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray.
Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate ; umbels corymbose. i. A. viridis.
Stem rough-puberulent ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acuminate; umbels solitary. 2. A. decumbens,
i. Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray. Oblong-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3407.
Asclcpias viridis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788.
Asclepiodora viridis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 66. 1876.
Stem erect, puberulent above, simple, l°-2° high. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, obtuse and mucronulate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short- petioled, 2.\'-~,' long, \'-\\' wide; umbels 2-4, or sometimes solitary; peduncles ii'-2' long; pedicels sic ,der, about \' lon# ->rMla green- ish, its segments, when exp? ., oblong, ob- tuse or acute, 4"-6" long, 2- ^mes as long as the purplish or violet entire-margined hoods; anther-wings narrow, scarcely angled above ; fruiting pedicels twice bent; follicles ascend- ing, puberulent, 2'-3' long, sometimes with soft spinose projections.
In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas, Texas, South Carolina and Florida.. May-July.
2. Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.)
A. Gray. Decumbent Milkweed.
Fig. 3408.
decumbens Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
,^OC. (II.) 5: 202. 1833-37.
< ?. •& ' 'dora decumbens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Aidd. 12: 66. 1876.
t- terns decumbent or ascending, rough-
pub/ u lent, io'-2° long. Leaves firm, linear
to ^ ceolate, glabrous above, puberulent on
thr* ins beneath, acuminate at the apex,
na ved at the base, $'-j' long, 2"-8"
wit. \ umbel solitary, many-flowered; pe-
dur> i i '-5' long; pedicels stout, i'-i' long;
corf, a depressed-globose in the bud, green-
5sh,»! .s segments, when expanded, ovate or
broil ly oval, longer than the hoods ; hoods
;>u ' :, obtusely 3-lobed on the ventral
ma'f ns, about 3" long, their tips incurved;
anti -wings broad, angled above ; follicles nea erect on the recurved fruited pedi-
cel? ,'-4' long, puberulent, at least when
you- , with or without soft projections.
ry soil, Kansas to Texas and Mexico, v- Utah and Arizona. April-June.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
3. ACERATES Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 316. 1817.
Perennial herbs, similar to Asclepias, with alternate or opposite thick leaves, and green or purplish flowers in terminal or axillary and short-peduncled or sessile umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, the segments acute, glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-cleft, the seg- ments valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column very short. Corona of 5 involute-concave or somewhat pitcher-shaped hoods, neither horned nor crested within or in one species having a small interior crest and usually a few small processes at the base of the anther-wings, forming an obscure inner crown. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, oblong, pendulous. Stigma 5-lobed. [Greek, without horn, referring to the crown.]
About 7 species, natives of North America. Type species : Acerates longifolia (Michx.) Ell.
Umbels sessile, or very nearly so, mostly axillary.
Leaves oval to linear ; hoods entire at the apex. i. A. viridiflora,
Leaves narrowly linear ; hoods 3-toothed. 2. A. angustifolia.
Umbels, at least the lower, distinctly peduncled.
Plants glabrous, or nearly so ; umbels usually several ; leaves narrow.
Hoods obtuse, entire; column y2" long; stem roughish puberulent. 3. A. floridana.
Hoods emarginate ; column very short ; stem glabrous. 4. A. auriculata.
Plant hirsute ; umbel solitary, terminal ; leaves- ovate to oblong. 5. A. lanuginosa.
i. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Green Milkweed. Fig. 3409.
Asclepias viridiflora Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5 : 360. 1808. Acerates viridiflora Eaton, Man-. Ed. 5, 90. 1829.
Puberulent or tomentulose, at least when young; stems simple, reclined or ascending, rather st.ff, i°-3° high. Leaves slightly rough, alternate or op- posite, thick, oval, oblong or ovate to lanceolate or linear, 1'-$' long, \'-2.' wide, short-petioled, the mar- gins usually undulate ; umbels several, or rarely solitary, axillary, densely many-flowered, sessile or very nearly so ; pedicels very slender, tomentose, 4"-8" long; flowers green; corolla-segments nar- rowly oblong, 2"-3" long ; column very short or none; hoods lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, minutely 2-auricled at the base; mass of anthers longer than thick ; anther-wings tapering below, semi-rhomboid above; follicles puberulent, 2'-^' long.
In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Massachusetts to south- ern Ontario, Saskatchewan, Florida and Texas. Con- sists of several races, differing mainly in leaf-form. June-Sept.
2. Acerates angustifolia (Nutt.) Dec. Narrow-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3410.
Polyotus angustifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5= 201. 1833-37.
A. angnstifolia Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 522. 1844.
Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 72. 1876.
Stems mostly several together, erect, straight, i°-2° high, puberulent above, glabrate below. Leaves opposite, or some of the lower alternate, sessile, narrowly linear, 2'-5' long, glabrous, the revolute margins and the thick midvein rough beneath ; umbels io-is-flowered, short-peduncled or subsessile, axillary, usually numerous ; pedicels puberulent ; corolla-segments oblong, greenish ; hoods white, not exceeding the anthers, 3-toothed at the apex, the acute middle tooth merely a prolongation of the thickened crest-like midvein, shorter than the obtuse lateral ones ; anther- wings notched at about the middle ; follicles slender, erect, about 3' long or more.
On dry plains, Missouri, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas.
GENUS 3.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
3. Acerates floridana (Lam.) A. S. Hitchc. Florida Milkweed. Fig. 3411.
Asclepias floridana Lam. Encycl. I : 284. 1783. Acerates longifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:317. 1817. Acerates floridana A. S. Hitchc. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5 : 508. 1891.
Rough-puberulent ; stems slender, simple or little branched, erect or ascending, i°-3° high. Leaves mostly alternate, linear or rarely linear- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, short-petioled, 2'-8' long, ii"-6" wide, commonly rough-cilio- late on the margins and midrib; umbels several or solitary, peduncled, usually many-flowered; peduncles 3"-! 5" long; pedicels slender, hirsute, i'-i' long; corolla greenish white, its segments narrowly oblong, about 2" long; column short but distinct ; hoods oblong, obtuse, entire, shorter than the anthers ; anther-wings narrowed to the base; follicles densely puberulent, 4'-$' long.
Moist soil, Ohio to southern Ontario and Minne- sota, North Carolina, Florida and Texas. June-Sept.
4. Acerates auriculata Engelm. Auri- cled Milkweed. Fig. 3412.
Acerates auricitlata Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound.
Surv. 1 60. 1859. Asclepias auriculata Holzinger, Bot. Gaz. 17 :
125. 1892.
Stem glabrous, often glaucous, sinuous above, rarely branched below, usually stout, i°~3° high. Leaves mostly alternate, narrowly l:near, glabrous, shprt-petioled, 3 '-8' long, i"-2j" wide, becoming leathery, the rough margins not revolute ; umbels commonly sev- eral, densely many-flowered, pedr.ncled ; pe- duncles 2"-i' long, pubescent ; pedicels slender, pubescent ; flowers greenish white tinged with dull purple ; corolla-segments oblong, 2"-2i" long; column short, but distinct ; hoods yellow, often with a purplish keel, entire, or emargi- nately truncate at the apex, not exceeding the anthers, the involute margins spreading at the base into auricles; follicles 2'-3' long, curved.
In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. June-Sept.
5. Acerates lanuginosa (Nutt.) Dec. Woolly Milkweed. Fig. 3413.
Asclepias lanuginosa Nutt. Gen. i : 168. 1818. Acerates lanuginosa Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8 : 523. 1844.
Hirsute all over ; stems erect, slender, simple, 6'-i8' high. Leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short-petioled, i'-4' long, 4"-i5" wide ; umbel solitary, terminal, densely many-flowered, peduncled ; peduncle stout, densely hirsute, J'-li long; pedicels slender, puberulent or hirsute; corolla greenish, its segments oblong, about 2j" long; column none; hoods purplish, oblong, obtuse, entire, with a flat fold or auricle on the infolded lower ventral margins, shorter than the anthers ; anther-wings broadest below the middle.
On prairies, northern Illinois to Minnesota, Ne- braska and Wyoming. June-Aug.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. GONOLOBUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 119. 1803. [AMPELANUS Raf. ; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 21: 314. 1894.]
[ENSLENIA Nutt. Gen. i : 164. 1818. Not Raf. 1817.]
Perennial twining herbaceous vines, with petioled opposite cordate thin leaves, and small whitish flowers in axillary peduncled clusters. Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within, the segments lanceolate. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes slightly contorted, nearly erect. Crown nearly sessile, of 5 membranous truncate lobes, each appendaged by a simple or 2-cleft awn. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla, the filaments connate into a short tube; anthers terminated by an inflexed membrane; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, ellipsoid, pendulous. Stigma conic, slightly 2-lobed. Follicles thick, acuminate. Seeds comose. [Greek, referring to the somewhat angled pod.]
Three species, natives of America. Type species : Gonolobus lacvis Michx.
i. Gonolobus laevis Michx. Sand Vine. Enslen's-vine. Fig. 3414.
Gonolobus laevis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 119. 1803.
Enslenia albida Nutt. Gen. i : 164. 1818.
A. albidus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 314. 1894.
Stem sparingly puberulent, at least above, high- climbing, slender. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, gradually acuminate, deeply cordate, palmately veined, glabrous or very nearly so, entire, 3'-?' long, ii'-S' wide; petioles i'~4' long; cymes numerous, densely flowered; peduncles stout, 3" -2' long; flow- ers 2"-3" long; corolla-segments lanceolate, acute, twice as long as those of the calyx and exceeding the 2-cleft awns of the corona-lobes; follicles on ascending fruiting pedicels, 4'-6' long, somewhat angled, glabrous when mature.
Along river-banks and in thickets, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas. June-Aug.
1753-
5. CYNANCHUM L. Sp. PI. 212.
[VIXCETOXICUM Moench, Meth. 717. 1/94.]
Perennial twining herbaceous or slightly woody vines (some species erect herbs), with opposite or rarely verticillate or alternate leaves, and small yellowish green or purplish flow- ers in axillary cymes. Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the segments spreading, somewhat twisted. Crown flat or cup-like, entire, 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes not appendaged. Stamens attached to the base of the corolla, their fila- ments connate into a tube; anthers appendaged by an inflexed membrane. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous. Stigma flat or conic. Follicles acuminate, glabrous. Seeds comose. [Greek, dog-strangling.]
About TOO species, natives of both the Old World and the New. Besides the following, 2 native species occur in the southeastern United States. Type spe- cies: Cynanchutn acntitm L.
i. Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. Black Swallow-wort. Fig. 3415.
Asdepias nigra L. Sp. PI. 216. 1753. Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench, Meth. 317. 1794. Cynanchnm nigrum Pers. Syn. I : 274. 1805.
Twining, or at first erect, puberulent, slender, 2°-5° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, en- tire, thin, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, pinnately veined, petioled, 2'-^' long, \'-2\' wide; petioles 2"-i2" long; pedicels i$"-3" long; flowers dark purple, about 2\" broad ; corolla- segments pubescent within ; cro\vn fleshy, 5-lobed ; follicles on nearly straight fruiting pedicels, about 2' long, glabrous.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Massa- chusetts to Pennsylvania and Ohio and in British Columbia. Introduced from Europe. June-Sept.
Cynanchum Vincetoxicum (L.) Pers., with green- ish-white glabrous corollas, another Old World species, is recorded as escaped from cultivation in southern Ontario.
GENUS 6.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
37
6. VINCETOXICUM Walt. Fl. Car. 104. 1788.
Twining or trailing perennial vines, with opposite usually cordate leaves, and rather large purple, brown, white or greenish flowers in axillary cyme-like umbels or fascicles. Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft, mostly 5-glandular within. Corolla rotate, very deeply 5-parted, the tube very short, the segments convolute in the bud. Corona (crown) annular or cup- shaped, entire, lobed or divided, adnate to the corolla. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, the filaments connate into a tube ; anthers not appendaged, merely tipped, borne along or just under the margin of the flat-topped stigma, the sacs more or less transversely dehis- cent. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, horizontal or nearly so. Follicles thick, acuminate, smooth, angled or tuberculate. Seeds comose. [Greek, subduing poison.]
About 75 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt.
Crown annular, lo-crenate; follicles angled, not warty.
Corolla about twice as long as the calyx. i. V. suberosum.
Corolla 3-4 times as long as the calyx. 2. V, gonocarpos.
Crown cup-shaped, about as high as the anthers ; follicles warty. Flowers purple to dull yellow.
Corolla-segments oblong, 3 "-4" long ; crown crenate. 3. V. hirsutum.
Corolla-segments linear or linear-oblong, 5"— 7" long.
Crown merely crenate. 4. V. obliquum.
Crown toothed or lobed.
Crown s-lobed, with a subulate 2-cleft tooth in each sinus. Crown lo-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner and longer. Flowers white ; crown deeply cleft.
5. V. carolinense.
6. V.SIwrtii.
7. V. Baldwinianum.
i. Vincetoxicum suberosum (L.) Britton. Coast Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3416.
Cynanchum suberosum L. Sp. PI. 212. 1753.
G. suberosus R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2 : 82. 1811.
V. suberosum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 266. 1894.
Stem pubescent or glabrous, slender, twining. Leaves thin, 2'~s' long, i'~3' wide, ovate or ovate- oval, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, cor- date at the base; petioles i'-2' long; umbels com- monly few-flowered; peduncles i'-i' long; pedicels i'-i' long, fleshy, nearly glabrous ; corolla brown- purple, broadly conic in the twisted bud, its segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent or granulose within, 3"-4" long, about twice as long as the calyx ; crown an annular fleshy undulately lo-crenate disk ; follicles glabrous, 3-5-angled, when young fleshy, when mature dry and spongy, 4'-6' long, i' in diameter or more.
In thickets, Virginia to Florida, mainly near the coast. May-July.
^ X . ^3,
2. Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt. Large- leaved Angle-pod. Fig. 3417.
Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt. Fl. Car. 104. 1788. G. macrophylliis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 119. 1803. Gonolobus laevis var. macrophylliis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 103. 1878.
Glabrous or pubescent, stems slender, climbing high. Leaves broadly ovate, thin, 3'-8' long, 2'-6' wide, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, the sinus narrow or the rounded auricles over- lapping; petioles I '-4' long; umbels few-flowered; peduncles i'~3' long; pedicels rather stout, glabrous or nearly so ; corolla conic in the bud, not twisted, its segments lanceolate, glabrous, 4"-5" long, 3-4 times as long as the calyx ; crown a low obtusely undulate disk; follicles glabrous, similar to those of the pre- ceding species but usually shorter.
Along rivers and in moist thickets, Virginia to South Carolina, Georgia, Indiana Missouri and Texas.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
3. Vincetoxicum hirsutum (Michx.) Britton. Hairy Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3418.
Gonolobus hirsntus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 119. 1803. V, hirsutum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 266. 1894.
Stem downy, slender. Leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, downy, 2'~4' long, i'-2i' wide, the sinus narrow, or the lobes sometimes overlapping; petioles slender, pubescent, i'-2' long; peduncles usually about equalling the petioles, sometimes longer ; umbels few-several- flowered; corolla brown-purple to greenish yellow, ovoid in the bud, its segments oblong, very obtuse, 3 "-4" long, minutely puberulent without, about 4 times as long as the densely pubescent calyx ; crown cup-shaped, fleshy, about as high as the anthers, the margin lo-crenate ; follicles lanceolate, 3'-$' long, muricate, puberulent ; seeds entire.
In thickets, Maryland to Florida, west to Tennessee. Running milkweed. Negro-vine. July-Aug.
4. Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq.) Britton.
Fig. 34I9-
Cynanchum hirtum L. Sp. PI. 212. 1753? Cynanchum obliquum Jacq. Coll. i : 148. 1786. G. obliquus R. Br. ; R. & S. Syst. 6 : 64. 1820. V. obliquum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 266. 1894.
Stem puberulent or hirsute, slender. Leaves pubescent, broadly ovate, short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base with an open or closed sinus, 2'-8' long, rJ'-6' wide; petioles rather stout, pubescent, i'-4' long; umbels slen- der-peduncled, few-several-flowered ; pedicels very slender, i'-2r long; corolla narrowly conic in the bud, red-purple within, greenish and minutely pubescent without, its segments elongated-linear, obtuse, 6-7 times as long as the hirsute calyx ; crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers, fleshy, its margin lo-crenulate, the intermediate crenu- lations sometimes 2-dentate; follicles ovoid-lan- ceolate, a'-3' long, muricate.
In thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio, Missouri, Vir- ginia and Kentucky. July-Aug.
Large-flowered Vincetoxicum.
5. Vincetoxicum carolinense (Jacq.) Britton. Carolina Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3420.
Cynanchum carolinense Jacq. Coll. 2: 228. 1788. G. carolinensis R. Br. ; R. & S. Syst. 6 : 62. 1820. V. carolinense Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 265. 1894.
Stem hirsute. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base with a narrow or closed sinus, 3'-/' long, 2'-$' wide, pubescent, at least beneath ; petioles hirsute, ii'-4' long; peduncles 2'~4' long; pedicels very slen- der, i' long or more ; corolla brown-purple, oblong- conic in the bud, puberulent without, its segments linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, obtusish, 5''-6" long, 5-6 times longer than the hirsute calyx ; crown cup-shaped, scarcely fleshy, 5-lobed, with a subulate longer 2-cleft erect tooth in each sinus ; follicles muricate.
In thickets, Virginia to Missouri, south to South Caro- lina and Louisiana. May-July.
GENUS 6.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
39
6. Vinceoxicum Snortii (A. Gray) Britton. Short's Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3421.
Gonolobus obliquus var. Shi.-rtii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 :
Part i, 104. 1878.
G. Short ii A. Gray, loc. cit. Ed. 2, 404. 1886. V. Shortii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 266. 1894.
Stem pubescent, or hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base and when old with a narrow or closed sinus, 4'-j' long, ij'-si' wide; petioles stout, pubescent, iJ'-3' long; peduncles usually longer than the petioles; umbels several-flowered; pedi- cels i' long or more; corolla oblong-conic in the bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes linear, S"-7" long, 5-7 times as long as the hirsute calyx ; crown cup-shaped, fleshy, as high as the anthers, its margin about lo-toothed, the alter- nate teeth thinner and longer, emarginate or 2-parted, the others broader, thicker, with an obscure internal crest or ridge below the sum- mit ; follicles warty.
In thickets, Pennsylvania to eastern Kentucky and Georgia. Flowers with the odor of the straw- berry-shrub. June-Aug.
7. Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum (Sweet) Britton. Baldwin's Vincetoxicum.
Fig. 3422.
Gonolobus Baldwinianus Sweet ; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 :
Part i, 104. 1876. Vincetoxicum Baldtvinianum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 265. 1894.
Stem pubescent and hirsute. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, acute, or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, 3'-6' long, or more ; petioles hir- sute, i '-2' long; peduncles 6"-i2" long, usually longer than the pedicels ; umbels several-many-flowered ; corolla white or cream-color, the lobes thin, oblong, or becoming spatulate, 4"-5" long; crown thin, the 5 broader lobes quadrate, emarginate, or obscurely toothed; in their sinuses a pair of very slender linear-subulate teeth of more than double their length, much surpassing the stigma.
Missouri and Arkansas to Georgia. May-June.
Periploca graeca L., silk-vine, a handsome woody climber, with glabrous ovate-oblong leaves and brown- ish flowers in umbels, the obtuse corolla-segments vil- lous on the inner side has been collected as an escape from cultivation.
Family 19. DICHONDRACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20, 25.
DICHONDRA FAMILY. Consists only of the following genus :
1829.
i. DICHONDRA Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 39. pi. 40. 1776.
Prostrate or creeping slender annual (sometimes perennial?) silky-pubescent or glabrous herbs, with nearly orbicular cordate or reniform petioled entire leaves, and very small soli- tary axillary peduncled flowers. Sepals nearly equal, oblong or spatulate. Corolla open- campanulate, deeply 5-partcd, the lobes induplicate in the bud. Stamens shorter than the corolla; filaments filiform. Ovary villous, deeply 2-parted, each lobe 2-celled; styles 2, simple, arising from the bases of the ovary-lobes ; stigmas capitate. Fruit of 2 pubescent 2-valved or indehiscent i-2-seeded capsules. [Greek, two-grained, referring to the capsules.]
About 5 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwest. Type species : Dichondra repens Forst.
4o
DICHOXDRACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Dichondra carolinensis Michx. Fig. 2423.
Dichondra.
Dichondra carolinensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 136. 1803.
Somewhat pubescent, or glabrous ; stems almost fili- form, creeping, rooting at the nodes, 6'-2° long. Leaves orbicular to reniform, deeply cordate, i'-ii' in diameter, palmately veined ; petiole often much longer than the blade; flowers i"-2" broad; peduncles filiform; sepals obtuse, spatulate or obovate ; corolla yellow to white, shorter than the sepals, its lobes ovate to oblong; cap- sule i" high or less.
In moist or wet places, Virginia to Texas and Mexico, near the coast. Widely distributed in Central and South America. Has been regarded as referable to the Old World D. repens Forst. ; the specific name evolvulacea was used for it in our first edition, in error.
Family 20. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2 : 394. 1799. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.
Herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, the stems twining, ascending, trailing or erect, with alternate exstipulate entire dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and regular perfect axillary cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx inferior, 5-parted or 5-divided, usually persistent, the segments or sepals imbricated. Coralla gamo- petalous, funnelform, salverform, campanulate, tubular or rarely subrotate, the limb 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, all anther-bearing, the filaments filiform, or dilated at the base, equal or unequal ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or none. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cavity, or falsely 4-6-celled with a single ovule in each cavity, entire or 2-4-divided ; styles 1-3, terminal, or arising from between the ovary- divisions; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of 2-4 distinct car- pels, in our species. Seeds erect, the testa villous, pubescent or glabrous ; embryo plaited or crumpled; cotyledons foliaceous; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous, usually scanty.
About 45 genera and probably 1000 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the tropics.
Style 2-cleft or 2-divided.
Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. i. Stylisma.
Style 2-divided to the ovary, each division 2-cleft. 2. Evolvulus.
Style entire up to the stigma.
Stigma or stigmas capitate or globose.
Corolla salverform ; stamens and style exserted. 3. Quamoclit.
Corolla funnelform or campanulate ; stamens and style included. 4. Ipomoea.
Stigmas 2, filiform to oblong. 5. Convolvulus.
i. STYLISMA Raf. Neog. 2. 1825.
Herbs, mostly perennial and procumbent, with entire short-petioled or sessile leaves, and i-5-flowered axillary peduncles; flowers white, purple, pink, or yellow. Sepals acute or obtuse. Corolla campanulate or funnelform-campanulate; limb plaited, 5-angled or slightly 5-lobed. Stamens included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 2-celled; style 2-cleft or 2-parted ; stigmas capitate. Capsule globose to ovoid, 2-celled, 2-4-valved. Style rarely 3-parted and ovary 3-celled. Seeds 1-4, glabrous or pubescent. [Greek, referring to the 2-parted style.]
Seven known species, of the southeastern United States and Mexico. In our first edition this genus was referred to the Australian Breweria R. Br. Type species : Convolvulus aquaticus Walt.
Sepals acute or acuminate ; leaves oblong, elliptic or linear.
Corolla white ; filaments pubescent ; plant pubescent or puberulent. i. S. humistrata.
Corolla purple ; filaments glabrous ; plants silky-tomentose. 2. 5". (iqtiatica.
Sepals obtuse ; leaves narrowly linear. 3. S. Pickeringii.
GENUS i.
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.
I. Stylisma humistrata (Walt.) Chapm. Southern Breweria. Fig. 3424.
Convolvulus humistratus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788. Stylisma humistrata Chapm. Fl. S. States, 346. 1860. Bonamia humistrata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Breweria humistrata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 217. 1878.
Pubescent or puberulenf; stems slender, i°-2° long, simple, or with a few long branches. Leaves elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or ovate-oblong, obtuse and mucronulate or some of them emarginate at the apex, subcordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, i'-i' wide, i'-2' long; petioles i"-3" long; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves, i-/-flowered, minutely bracted at the summit ; sepals glabrous or puberulent, oblong, acuminate, 2"-3" long; corolla white, 6"-8" long; filaments pubescent; style 2-cleft; capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous, about as long as the calyx.
In dry pine barrens, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. May- Aug.
2. Stylisma aquatica (Walt.) Chapm. Breweria. Fig. 3425.
Water
Convolvulus aquaticus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788. Stylisma aquatica Chapm. Fl. S. States, 346. 1860. Bonamia aquatica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Breweria aquatica A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 217. 1878.
Finely and densely silky-tomentose, branched, the branches long and slender. Leaves oblong, elliptic or oblong-lanceo- late, obtuse at both ends, mucronate or emarginate at the apex, sometimes subcordate at the base, i'-ii' long, 2"-8" wide; peduncles i-3-flowered, longer than the leaves, mi- nutely bracted at the summit ; sepals densely silky-tomen- tose, oblong, acute or acuminate, about 2" long; corolla purple or pink, 5"-7" long; filaments glabrous; style 2-parted nearly to the base.
In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Missouri to Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. May-Aug.
3. Stylisma Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray. Pickering's Breweria.
Fig. 3426.
Convolvulus Pickeringii M. A. Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat Hist, i : 129. 1837.
Stylisma Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 335. 1856. Bonamia Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Breweria Pickeringii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part 1,217. 1878.
Etem pubescent or puberulent, very slender, simple or branched, i°-2° long. Leaves puberulent or glabrous, narrowly linear, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, \'-2\' long, i"-2" wide, the lowest sometimes narrowly spatulate ; petioles very short ; peduncles slen- der, about as long as the leaves, with i or 2 linear bracts at the summit which are usually longer than the pedicels and calyx; sepals pubescent or hirsute, ovate to oval, obtuse, about 2" long; corolla white, about i' long; fila- ments nearly glabrous ; style 2-cleft, above, exserted ; capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent, longer than the calyx.
In dry pine barrens, New Jersey to North Carolina ; Illinois to Iowa, Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug.
2. EVOLVULUS L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 391. 1762.
Erect or diffuse branching, mostly silky-pubescent or pilose, annual or perennial herbs, with small usually entire leaves, and axillary solitary, racemose or paniculate, small blue pink or white flowers. Sepals nearly equal, acute or obtuse. Corolla funnelform, campanu- late or rotate, the limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens included or exserted ; filaments
COXVOLVULACEAE.
VOL. III.
filiform; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary entire, 2-celled; style 2-divided to the base, or near it, each division deeply 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Capsule 2-celled, globose to ovoid, 2-4-valved, i-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, unrolling.].
About 85 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the southern United States. Type species: Evolvulus nuininularius L.
i. Evolvulus pilosus Nutt. Evolvulus. Fig. 3427.
Evolvulus argenteus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 187. 1814. Not R. Br. 1810.
Evolvulus pilosus Nutt. Gen. i : 174. 1818.
Perennial, densely silky-pubescent or villous ; stems ascending or erect, 3 '-9' high, very leafy. Leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate or spatulate, 3"-9" long, i "-3" wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed at the base; flowers solitary and nearly ses- sile in the axils ; peduncles 2-bracted at the base, recurved in fruit, i"-2" long; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla funnel form-campanu- late, purple or blue, 3"-6" broad; capsule i$"-2" in diameter, about as long as the sepals.
On dry plains, North Dakota to Missouri, Nebraska, Mexico and Arizona. May-July.
3. QUAMOCLIT [Tourn.] Moench, Meth. 453. 1794.
Twining herbaceous vines, with petioled entire lobed or pinnately parted leaves, and cymose racemose or solitary peduncled axillary flowers. Sepals 5, herbaceous, equal, acumi- nate, mucronate or appendaged. Corolla salverform (usually scarlet in the following species), the tube narrow, somewhat dilated above, mostly longer than the spreading s-lobed limb. Stamens and simple style more or less exserted ; stigma capitate; ovary 2-celled or falsely 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit usually 4-celled and 4-seeded. [Greek, dwarf kidney-bean.]
About 10 species, of warm and tropical regions, only the following in North America. Type species : Ipomoea coccinea L.
Leaves pinnately parted into very narrow segments. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angulate-lobed.
1. Q. Quamoclit.
2. Q. coccinea.
i. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton. Cypress Vine. Indian Pink.
Ipomoea Quamoclit L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753. Q. vulgaris Choisy in DC. Prodr. 9: 336. 1845. Q. Quamoclit Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 2.2. 1898.
Annual, glabrous ; stem slender, twining to a height of io°-2o°. Leaves ovate in outline, pe- tioled or nearly sessile, 2 '-7' long, pinnately parted nearly to the midvein into narrowly linear entire segments less than i" wide ; peduncles slender, commonly much longer than the leaves, i-6-flow- ered; pedicels i' long or more, thickening in fruit ; sepals oblong, obtuse, usually mucronulate, 2"-3" long; corolla scarlet, rarely white, salver- form, I'-iY long, the tube expanded above, the limb nearly flat, the lobes ovate, acutish ; stamens and style exserted; ovary 4-celled ; ovule i in each cell ; capsule ovoid, 4-valved, about 5" high, twice as long as the sepals.
In waste and cultivated ground, Virginia to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Sparingly escaped from gardens farther north. Naturalized from tropical America. July-Oct. American red bell-flower. Sweet-william- of-the-Barbadoes. Cupid's-flower. Red jasmine.
3428.
GENUS 3.
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.
43
2. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. Small Red Morning-glory. Fig. 3429.
Ipomoea coccinea L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753. 1. hederaefolia L. Syst. Ed. 10, 925. 1759- Quamoclit coccinea Moench, Meth. 453. 1794-
Annual, glabrous or puberulent, stem twining to a height of several feet or trailing. Leaves ovate to orbicular, deeply cordate, long-acumi- nate, 2-6' long, entire or angulate-lobed, slender- petioled ; peduncles few-several-flowered, usu- ally not longer than the leaves ; sepals oblong, obtuse, about 2" long, subulate-appendaged ; co- rolla scarlet, salverform, io"-2o" long, the limb obscurely 5-lobed ; stamens and style slightly exserted; ovary 4-celled with i ovule in each cell ; capsule globose, 4-valved, 3"-4" in diameter.
Along river-banks and in waste places, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, Florida, Ohio, Missouri, Texas and Arizona. Naturalized from tropical America, or native in the Southwest. A hybrid of this species with the preceding is sometimes culti- vated. American jasmine. July-Oct.
4. IPOMOEA L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753.
Twining trailing ascending or rarely erect herbs, annual or perennial, with large showy axillary solitary or cymose flowers. Sepals equal or unequal. Corolla funnel form or cam- panulate, the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the tube more or less plaited. Stamens equal or unequal, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base; anthers ovate, oblong, or linear. Ovary entire, globose or ovoid, 2-4-celled, 4-6-ovuled ; s.tyle filiform, included; stigmas I or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule globose or ovoid, usually septifragally 2-4-valved, 2-4- seeded. [Greek, worm-like.]
About 400 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in southern and western North America. Known as Morning-Glory or False Bindweed. Type species : Ipomoea pes-tigrinis L.
Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled) ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves cordate ; stems trailing or twining.
Perennial from an enormous root ; corolla 2'-$' long. i. I. pandurata.
Annual ; roots fibrous ; corolla 4"-6" long, white. 2. I. lacunosa.
Annual ; corolla I'-i J^' long, pink or purple. 3. I. trichocarpa.
Leaves linear ; stems ascending or erect. 4. /. leptophylla.
Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3 ; leaves cordate. (Genus PHARBITIS.)
Leaves entire; corolla 2r-2l/2r long. 5. I.purpurea.
Leaves deeply 3-lobed, corolla i'-\l/2' long. 6. / hederacea.
i. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer. Wild Potato Vine. Fig. 3430.
Convolvulus panduratns L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753. I. pandurata Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 100. 1818.
Perennial from an enormous fleshy root, glabrous or puberulent; stems trailing or feebly climbing, 2°-i2° long. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, acumi- nate at the apex, 2'-6' long, slender-petioled, entire, sometimes contracted in the middle, or some of the later ones rarely angulate-dentate or 3-lobed ; pe- duncles i-5-flowered, much elongated in fruit; sepals oblong, obtuse or acutish, 6"-8" long, gla- brous; corolla funnelform, white, or with pinkish purple stripes in the throat, 2'-3' long, the limb 5-lobed ; ovary 2-celled ; capsule ovoid, 2-valved, 2-4-seeded, the seeds densely woolly on the margins and pubescent on the sides.
In dry soil, in fields or on hills, Ontario to Con- necticut, Florida, Michigan, Kansas and Texas. Oc- curs rarely with double flowers. Man-of-the-Earth. Mecha-meck (Indian^. Wild sweet potato. Man-root. Wild jalap. Scammony. May-Sept.
44
COXVOLVULACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Small-flowered White Morning-glory. Fig. 3431.
Ipomoea lacunosa L. Sp. PI. 161. 1753.
Annual, pubescent or hirsute, rarely glabrous ; stem twining, 2°-io° long. Leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate, cordate, acute or acuminate at the apex, entire, angled or 3-lobed, 2'-^' long, the lobes acute; peduncles i-3-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; pedicels slender ; sepals oblong or lan- ceolate, acute or acuminate, pubescent or ciliate, about 5" long; corolla funnelform, 6"-io" long, white, or the limb purple; ovary 2-celled; stigma capitate; capsule globose, 2-valved, shorter than or about equalling the sepals.
In moist soil, Pennsylvania to South Carolina, Illi- nois, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. In ballast at Atlantic seaports. White star. Morning-glory. July- Sept.
3. Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell. Small-flowered Pink Morning-glory. Fig. 3432.
Convolvulus carolinus L. Sp. PI. 154. 1753.
Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 258. 1817.
Ipomoea commutata R. & S. Syst. 4: 228. 1819.
Ipomoea Carolina Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 145. 1814. Not L. 1753-
Similar in habit to the preceding species, but the leaves usually more lobed ; peduncles often longer than the leaves, i-3-flowered; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or ciliate ; corolla i'-ii' long, pink or purple; capsule glabrous or pubescent.
Kansas to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida.
4. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. Bush Morning- glory. Fig. 3433.
Ipomoea leptopliylla Torr. in Frem. Rep. 95. 1845.
Perennial from an enormous root, which some- times weighs 25 Ibs., glabrous throughout; stems erect, ascending or reclining, rather stout, 2°-4° long, much branched. Leaves narrowly linear, en- tire, acute, 2'-s' long, i"-3" wide; petioles very short ; peduncles stout, nearly erect', usually shorter than the leaves, i-4-flowercd ; pedicels shorter than the peduncles ; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 3"-4" long, or the outer shorter; corolla funnelform, pur- ple or pink, about 3' long, the limb scarcely lobed ; capsule ovoid, acute, 8"-i2" long, 2-celled, much longer than the sepals ; seeds pubescent.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Wyoming, Texas and New Mexigo. Man-root. May-July.
GENUS 4.
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.
45
5. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Lam. Morning- glory. Fig. 3434.
Convolvulus pitrpureus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 219. 1762. Ipomoea purpurea Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i: 466. 1791. Pharbitis purpurea Voigt. Hort. Sub. Calcutta 354.
1845-
Annual, pubescent ; stem retrorsely hairy, twin- ing or trailing, 4°-io° long. Leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate, acute or acuminate, 2'-^ wide, slender-petioled ; peduncles slender, i-5-flowered, often longer than the petioles ; sepals lanceolate or oblong, acute, pubescent or hirsute near the base, 6"-8" long; corolla funnel form, blue, pur- ple, pink, variegated or white, 2r-2\' long; ovary 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) ; stigmas 3 (rarely 2)-; capsule depressed-globose, about 5" in diameter, shorter than the sepals.
In waste places, commonly escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Nebraska and Texas. There is a double-flowered form in cul- tivation. Adventive or naturalized from tropical America. Ropewind. July-Oct.
6. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved Morning-glory. Fig. 3435.
Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Icon. Rar. pi. 36. 1781. Pharbitis hederacea Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 6 : 440.
1833-
Annual, pubescent; stem twining or climbing to a height of 2°-5°, slender, retrorsely hairy. Leaves ovate-orbicular in outline, long-petioled, deeply 3-lobed, cordate at the base, 2'-$' long, the lobes ovate, acuminate, entire, or the lateral ones some- times repand or dentate; peduncles i-3-flowered, much shorter than the petioles ; flowers opening in early morning, soon closing; sepals lanceolate with long linear often recurved tips, densely hirsute be- low, sparingly so above, 8"-i2" long ; corolla funnel- form, the tube usually nearly white, the limb light blue or purple, I'-ii' long; ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3 ; capsule depressed-globose, 3-valved, about as long as the lanceolate portion of the sepals.
In fields and waste places, Maine to Florida, Penn- sylvania, Nebraska and Mexico. Naturalized or adven- tive from tropical America. July-Oct.
6. CONVOLVULUS L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
Herbs (the following species perennials wrth slender roots or rootstocks) with trailing, twining or erect stems. Leaves entire dentate or lobed, mostly cordate or sagittate and petioled. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, large, pink, purple or white. Sepals nearly equal or the outer larger, the calyx bractless or with a pair of bracts at its base. Corolla funnelform or campanulate, the limb plaited, 5-angled, 5-lobed, or entire. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 1-2- celled, 4-ovuled; style filiform; stigmas 2, filiform, oblong, or ovoid. Capsule globose or nearly so, i-4-celled, 2-4-valved. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, to roll together, or entwine.]
About 200 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the follow- ing, some 30 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species : Convolvulus sepiuin L.
Calyx with two large bracts at the base, which enclose it. Stems trailing or climbing.
Peduncles long, much longer than the petioles.
Stems 3°-io° long; leaves hastate, the auricles often dentate. i. C.sepium.
Stems i°-3° long; leaves sagittate, the auricles rounded, entire. 2. C.repens.
Peduncles short, mostly not longer than the petioles. 3. C.fraterniflorus.
Stem erect or ascending ; flowers white ; bracts not cordate. 4. C. spiihamaeus.
Calyx not bracted ; peduncle bracted at the summit.
Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves entire, auriculate. 5. C. arvensis.
Canescent ; leaves with 2-4 basal lobes. 6. C, incamis.
COXVOLVULACEAE.
VOL. 111.
i. Convolvulus sepium L. Hedge or Great Bindweed. Lily-bind. Fig. 3436.
Convolvulus sepium L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753. Convolvulus sepium var. amcricanus Sims, Bot.
Mr.g. pi. 732- 1804. Calystegia sepium R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i :
483. 1810.
Glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; stems ex- tensively trailing or high-twining, 3°-io° long. Leaves slender-petioled, triangular in outline, hastate, 2' -5' long, acute or acuminate at the apex, the basal lobes divergent, usually acute, angulate-dentate or entire; petioles l'-2' long; peduncles i-flowered, longer than the petioles, often 2-3 times as long; flowers pink with white stripes or white throughout, about 2' long; bracts at the base of the corolla, large, ovate, acute or obtuse, cordate ; stigmas oblong.
In fields and thickets, usually in moist soil, Newfoundland to North Carolina, British Colum- bia, Illinois, Nebraska and New Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. June- Aug. Bell-bind. Wood- bind. Pear- or Devil's-vine. Lady's-nightcap. Hedge- or harvest-lily. Rutland beauty. Wood- bine. German scammony. Creepers. Bracted- bindweed.
Convolvulus japonicus Thunb. Fl. Jap. 85. 1784, a species with narrow hastate leaves and smaller pink flowers, cultivated in a double-flowered form, has in this form escaped from cultiva- tion from southeastern New York to the District of Columbia and Missouri.
2. Convolvulus repens L. Trailing or Hedge Bindweed. Fig. 3437.
Convolvulus repens L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753. Convolvulus sepium var. repens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 :
Part i, 215. 1878.
More or less pubescent or tomentose ; stem trailing or twining, i°-3° long, simple, or spar- ingly branched. Leaves ovate or oblong, petioled, i '-2' long, obtuse, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, sagittate or cordate at the base, entire, the basal lobes rounded, scarcely or not at all divergent; petioles i'-i' long; peduncles i-flow- ered, equalling or longer than the leaves ; flowers white (sometimes pink?) about 2' long; calyx en- closed by 2 ovate acute or obtusish slightly cor- date bracts ; stigmas oblong.
In moist and dry soil, Quebec to Florida and Louisiana. Recorded from the Great Lake region. May- Aug.
C. interior House, of the western plains, with broader leaves and smaller corollas, is found in Kan- sas and Nebraska.
3. Convolvulus fraterniflorus MacKenzie & Bush. Short-stalked Bindweed. Fig. 3438.
C. Sepium fraterniflorus Mack. & Bush, Fl. Jackson Co. 153. 1902.
C. fraterniflorus Mack. & Bush, Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 16: 104. 1905.
Sparingly pubescent; stems trailing or twining, much branched, 3°-6° long. Leaves hastate or hastate-sagittate, short-pubescent on both sides, 4' long or less, acute at the apex, the basal lobes entire or dentate, spreading; pedun- cles often 2 in each axil, wing-angled, mostly not longer than the petioles; bracts large, cordate, pubescent, con- cealing the sepals at flowering time; sepals glabrous, ob- tusish, 5"-8" long; corolla white, about 2' long.
Dry banks and prairies, western Missouri ; recorded eastward to the District of Columbia. July-Sept.
GENUS 6.
MORXING-GLORY FAMILY.
47
4. Convolvulus spithamaeus L. Upright or Low Bindweed. Fig. 3439.
Convolvulus spithamaeus L. Sp. PI. 158. 1753. Calystegia spithamaea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 143.
1814. Volvulus spithamaeus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 447.
1891. Convolvulus camporum Greene, Pittonia 3 : 328.
1898.
Pubescent, or glabrate; stem erect or ascend- ing, straight, or the summit sometimes feebly twining, 6'-i2' high. Leaves oval, short-petioled or the uppermost sessile, usually obtuse at both ends, sometimes acutish at the apex, and subcor- date at the base, 1-2' long, \'-\\' wide; pedun- cles i-flowered, longer than the leaves: flowers white, nearly 2' long; calyx enclosed by 2 large oval acutish bracts which are narrowed at both ends and not cordate at the base; stigmas ob- long, thick.
In dry sandy or rocky fields or on banks, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Manitoba, Florida and Ken- tucky. Dwarf morning-glory. Low or bracted- bindweed. May-Aug.
5. Convolvulus arvensis L. Small Bindweed. Fig. 3440.
Convolvulus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
Glabrous, or nearly so ; stems trailing or decum- bent, very slender, \°-2\° long, simple or branched. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate or oblong, entire, ob- tusish and mucronulate or acutish at the apex, sagit- tate or somewhat hastate at the base, i'-2' long, the basal lobes spreading, acute or obtuse ; peduncles i-4-flowered (commonly 2-flowered), shorter than the leaves, i-3-bracted at the summit, usually with another bract on one of the pedicels ; sepals oblong, obtuse, li" long; corolla pink or nearly white, 8"-i2" broad ; calyx not bracted at the base ; stigmas linear.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Montana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kansas, New Mexico and California. Naturalized from Europe. Na- tive also of Asia. May-Sept. Hedge-bells. Bearbind. Corn-lily. Withwind. Bellbine. Corn-bind. Lap-love. Sheep-bine.
6. Convolvulus incanusYahl. Hoary Bind- weed. Fig. 3441.
Convolvulus incanns Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 23. 1794.
Finely and densely canescent, pale, or some- times greener; stems procumbent or trailing, usually branched, i°-3° long. Leaves rather short- petioled, lanceolate, ovate to linear in outline, usually with 2-4 divergent lobes at the base, or the lower pair of lobes reflexed, otherwise entire or irregularly dentate, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, i'-2r long; peduncles i-2-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves, minutely bracted at the summit; pedicels 3"-6" long; sepals oblong, obtuse or mucronulate, about 3" long; corolla white to rose-color; stigmas nar- rowly linear ; capsule globose, about as long as the sepals.
In waste places, near Lincoln, Neb. (according to Webber). In dry soil, Kansas and Arkansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Also in southern South America. April-Aug.
48 CUSCUTACEAE. VOL. III.
Family 21. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort, Anal. Fam. 20. 1829.
DODDER FAMILY.
White or yellow slender parasites, dextrorsely twining, the leaves reduced to minute alternate scales, the small white, yellowish or pinkish flowers cymosely clustered. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed or 5-parted (rarely 4-lobed or 4-parted), or of 5 distinct sepals. Corolla campanulate, ovoid, urceolate or cylindric, 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes imbricated in the bud, the tube bearing as many fimbriate or crenulate scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these sometimes obsolete. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted in the throat or sinuses above the scales, short-exserted or included ; filaments short or slender; anthers short, ovate or oval, obtuse, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary globose to oblong, 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cavity ; styles 2, terminal, separate, or rarely united below ; stigmas linear or capi- tate. Capsule globose or ovoid, circumscissile, irregularly bursting or indehiscent, i-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous, globose or angular; embryo linear, terete, curved or spiral, its apex bearing 1-4 minute scales, endosperm fleshy; cotyledons none.
i. CUSCUTA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 124. 1753.
Characters of the family. The filiform twining stems are parasitic on herbs and shrubs by numerous minute suckers. The seeds germinate in the soil and the plantlet attaches itself to its host, its root and lower portion soon perishing. The subsequent nutrition of the parasite is apparently wholly through its suckers. [Name from the Arabic.]
About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Known as Dodder, or Strangle-weed. Type species : Cuscuta europaea L.
* Corolla-scales crenulate; stigmas slender; capsule circumscissile; introduced species. Scales crenulate above, not incurved. i. C. Epilinum.
Scales crenulate all around, strongly incurved. 2. C. Epithymum.
** Corolla-scales fringed; stigmas capitate; capsule indehiccent; native species. Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx.
Flowers very nearly sessile ; corolla persistent at the base of the capsule.
Corolla-scales ovate, fringed all around ; calyx-lobes obtuse. 3. C. arvensis.
Corolla-scales abortive, or of a few processes ; calyx-lobes acutish. 4. C. Polygonorum.
Flowers distinctly pedicelled ; corolla enclosing or capping the capsule, or at length deciduous. Tips of the corolla-lobes incurved or reflexed.
Scales ovate, fringed all around ; capsule enclosed by the corolla. 5. C. indecora.
Scales abortive, or of a few slender processes ; corolla capping the capsule. 6. C. Coryli. Corolla-lobes spreading or recurved.
Scales small, irregularly fringed ; capsule depressed-globose. 7. C. Cephalanthi.
Scales long, fringed mainly above ; capsule pointed.
Corolla ij/2rr long; capsule globose, short-pointed. 8. C. Gronovii.
Flowers 2"—$" long ; capsule oval, long-pointed. 9. C. roslrata.
Sepals separate, subtended by similar bracts.
Flowers cymose, pedicelled; scales short; bracts entire. 10. C. cuspidata.
Flowers closely sessile in dense clusters ; bracts serrulate.
Bracts few, broad, appressed ; styles as long as the ovary. n. C.compacta.
Bracts numerous, narrow, their tips recurved; styles longer than the ovary. 12. C. paradoxa.
i. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe. Flax Dodder. Fig. 3442.
Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe, Archiv. Apoth. 8: 54. 1824. Cnscuta densiflora Soyer-Willem. Act. Soc. Linn. Paris 4: 281. 1826.
Stems very slender, yellow or red; flowers sessile in dense clusters, yellowish white, about ii" long. Calyx hemispheric, 5-lobed, the lobes acute, nearly as long as the corolla-tube; corolla yellowish-white, short, cylindric, becoming urceolate, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, its scales short, erect, less thai1, one-half the length of the tube, 2-cleft or emarginate, crenulate above, the crenulations not ex- tending to the base; stigmas linear-filiform; capsule circumscissile, the withering-persistent corolla borne on its summit.
On flax. Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Introduced from Europe. Native also of Asia. July- Aug.
GENUS I.
DODDER FAMILY.
49
2. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. Thyme Dod- der. Lesser Lucerne or Clover Dodder. Fig- 3443-
Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. in L. Syst. Ed. 13, 140. 1774. Cuscuta Trifolii Bab. Phytol. i: 467. 1843.
Stems filiform, red; flowers sessile in small dense clusters, pinkish, about i" long. Calyx variable, 4-S-lobed, more than one-half the length of the cylin- dric corolla-tube, the lobes gcute ; corolla 4-5-lobed, the lobes erect, about one-half as long as the tube, acute, its scales strongly incurved, crenulate nearly or quite to the base; stigmas filiform; capsule cir- cumscissile, capped by the withering corolla.
Usually on clover, Maine and Ontario to South Da- kota and Pennsylvania. Introduced from Europe, where it occurs on thyme, clover and other low plants. Hail- weed. Hairweed. July-Sept.
Cuscuta europaea L., another Old World species, with obtuse calyx-lobes and shorter styles, is recorded from Maine.
3. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Field Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3444.
Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
77. As synonym. 1834.
Plant pale yellow ; stems filiform, the flowers nearly sessile in small clusters. Calyx broad, S-lobed, the lobes broad, obtuse; corolla nearly campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acumi- nate, as long as the tube, their tips reflexed, its scales large, ovate, as long as or longer than the tube, densely fringed all around with short irregular processes ; stamens not ex- serted ; style shorter than the ovary ; stigmas capitate ; capsule depressed-globose, indehis- cent, the withering corolla and usually the stamens persistent at it's base.
On various herbs and low shrubs, Massachusetts to Manitoba, Florida, Texas, Mexico and Cali- fornia. Also in the West Indies and South Amer- ica. July- Aug.
4. Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Smart- weed Dodder. Fig. 3445.
Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43 :
342. pi. 6. f. 26-29. 1842. C. chlorocarpa Engelm.; A. Gray. Man. 350. 1848.
Plant orange-yellow ; stems slender but rather coarse; flowers sessile or nearly so in dense clus- ters. Calyx short, 4-5-lobed, the lobes ovate- oblong, acute or acutish ; lobes of the corolla 4 or 5, triangular-ovate, acute, mostly as long as the tube, the scales usually obsolete, wanting, or consisting of only 2 or 3 slender processes on each side of the attached lower portion of the filament; filaments mostly slender; styles shorter than the ovary ; stigmas capitate ; capsule globose, the withering corolla persistent at its base.
On Polygonum and other herbs, Pennsylvania and Delaware to Minnesota, Wisconsin and Arkansas. July-Sept. Has been referred to the South Amer- ican C. obtusiftora H.B.K.
CUSCUTACEAE.
VOL. III.
5. Cuscuta indecora Choisy. Pretty Dodder. Fig. 3446.
Cuscuta indecora Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 278.
pl.3-f.5- 1841.
C. pulcherrima Scheele, Linnaea 21: 750. 1848. Cuscuta decora Choisy ; Engelm. Trans. St. Louis
Acad. i : 501. 1859.
Stems rather stout; flowers \\" long, pedi- celled in loose cymes, more or less papillose. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute, mostly shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes trian- gular, minutely crenulate, spreading, nearly as long as the tube, their tips inflexed ; scales ovate, erect, irregularly fringed with short processes all around; stamens slightly exserted or included ; stigmas capitate ; capsule oblong, acute, enveloped by the withering corolla.
On various herbs and low shrubs, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico, in several races. Also in the West Indies and South America. Corolla white ; stigmas often yellow or purple. June-Aug.
6. Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Hazel Dod- der. Fig. 3447.
Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 337.
/. 7-1 1. 1842. Cuscuta inflexa Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. i :
502. 1859.
Stems, coarse; flowers about i" long, pedi- celled in loose or rather dense cymes. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes triangular or triangular- lanceolate, acutish, about as long as the corolla- tube ; corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes minutely crenulate. nearly erect, triangular, acute, about as long as the tube, their tips inflexed; scales small, oval, obtuse, often with only a few processes on each side; stamens scarcely exserted ; styles shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule oblong, point- ed, enveloped or at length capped by the with- ering corolla.
On the hazels and other shrubs or tall herbs, Connecticut to Virginia, South Dakota and Arkan- sas. July-Aug.
7. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Button- bush Dodder. Fig. 3448.
Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43 : 336. pi. 6. f. 1-6. 1842.
Cuscuta tenuiftora Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 350. 1848.
Plant yellow, stems rather coarse; flowers about i" long, short-pedicelled, clustered; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube ; corolla cylindric-campanulate, its lobes ovate, obtuse and rounded, spreading, one-half the length of the tube or less ; scales about as long as the lobes, fringed mainly toward the apex with irregular pro- cesses; stamens included; styles slender, about as long as the ovary, shorter than the ripe capsule; stigmas capitate; capsule depressed-globose, li" in diameter, surrounded or capped by the withering, at length deciduous corolla.
On shrubs and tall herbs, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Texas and Arizona. July-Aug.
GENUS I.
DODDER FAMILY
8. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Gronovius' Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3449.
C. Gronovii Willd.; R. & S. Syst. 6: 205. 1820. Cuscuta vulgivaga Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43 : 338. pi. 6. f. 12-16. 1842.
Stems yellow to orange, slender, high-climb- ing; flowers usually short-pedicelled, numerous in dense cymes. Calyx not bracted, its lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube ; corolla campanulate, about i4" long, the lobes ovate, obtuse, rounded, spreading, nearly as long as the tube, the scales narrow, equalling or longer than the tube, thickly fringed about the summit and sparingly along the sides with long slender processes ; styles slender, not as long as the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule globose, short-pointed or pointless, ij" in diam- eter, enveloped or capped by the withering deciduous corolla.
On herbs and low shrubs, Nova Scotia to Mani- toba, Montana, Florida and Texas. Scald-weed. Devil's-gut July-Aug.
9. Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. Beaked Dodder. Fig. 3450.
Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. ; Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 225. 1845.
Stems coarse, yellowish white ; flowers larger than in any of our other species, loosely cy- mose, pedicelled. Calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate-triangular, shorter than the corolla-tube ; corolla campanulate, 2"-3" long, white, its lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about as long as the calyx-lobes; scales narrow, some- times spatulate, shorter than the tube, heavily fringed at the summit and sparingly along the sides with long slender processes ; stamens in- cluded; styles slender, about as long as the flask-shaped ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule oval, long-beaked.
On herbs and shrubs, Maryland to South Caro- lina and Georgia. July-Sept.
10. Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Cuspidate Dodder. Fig. 3451.
Cuscuta citspidala Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 224. 1845.
Plant yellowish; stems slender; flowers about 1 4" long in loose panicled cymes. Calyx of 5 distinct entire sepals, shorter than the corolla- tube, with 2-4 similar bracts at its base and often others on the pedicels; sepals orbicular to lanceo- late, cuspidate, mucronate or acuminate ; corolla nearly salverform, its lobes triangular-lanceolate or oblong, acute or cuspidate, spreading, about one-half the length of the tube; scales narrow, usually less than one-half as long as the tube, fringed all around with short irregular processes ; stamens not exserted; styles very selnder, longer than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule bearing the withered corolla on its summit.
On coarse herbs, Nebraska to Missouri and Texas, July-Sept.
CUSCUTACEAE.
VOL. III.
ii. Cuscuta compacta Juss. Compact Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3452.
Cuscuta compacta Juss. ; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9 :
281. t. 4. f. 2. 1841.
Plant yellowish white, stems rather stout ; flow- ers about 2" long, closely sessile in dense clusters. Calyx of 5 (rarely 4) distinct oval crenulate ob- tuse sepals, subtended by 3-5 similar rhombic- orbicular appressed serrulate bracts ; corolla sal- verform, persistent, the tube cylindric, its 5 (rarely 4) lobes oblong or ovate, obtuse, spread- ing, much shorter than the tube, the scales nar- row, one-half the length of the tube, fringed with numerous long processes ; stamens included ; styles slender; capsule oblong, enveloped or capped by the withering corolla.
On shrubs, Ontario to Massachusetts, New York and Alabama, west to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept.
12. Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Glomerate or American Dodder. Fig. 3453.
Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820. Cuscuta glomcrata Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 184. pi. 4. f. I. 1841.
Plant yellowish white, stems slender ; flowers sessile, i \" long, exceedingly numerous in dense confluent clusters covering portions of the stem of the host-plant. Calyx of 5 distinct corcave oblong obtuse serrulate sepals, subtended by 8-15 narrower serrulate much imbricated bracts with recurved tips ; corolla tube oblong-cylin- dric, its lobes oblong-lanceolate or triangular- lanceolate, obtuse, spreading or recurved, per- sistent ; scales copiously fringed at the summit and sparingly along the sides with numerous long processes ; styles 2-4 times as long as the ovary; capsule capped by the withering corolla.
On tall herbs, mainly Compositae, Ohio to South Dakota, Nebraska and Texas. July-Sept.
T805.
Family 22. POLEMONIACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 3 : 645.
PHLOX FAMILY.
Herbs, some species slightly woody, with alternate or opposite entire lobed or dissected leaves. Flowers perfect, corymbose-capitate, cymose or paniculate, reg- ular, or nearly regular. Calyx inferior, persistent, tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft, the lobes or teeth slightly imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, funnel form, saucer- shaped, campanulate or rotate, the limb 5-parted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; filaments slender or filiform; anthers ovate, oblong or linear, versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudi- nally dehiscent. Ovary superior, mostly 3-celled; ovules 2-00 in each cavity, amphitropous ; style simple filiform; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly loculi- cidally 3-valved. Seeds various, sometimes winged, sometimes enveloped in muci- lage and emitting spiral tubes when wetted; endosperm abundant ; embryo straight ; cotyledons flat; radicle inferior.
About 20 genera and over 200 species, most abundant in western America. Calyx distended and at length ruptured by the ripening capsule. Calyx scarious between the lobes.
Corolla salverform ; leaves opposite, entire.
Seeds not mucilaginous when wetted ; mostly perennials with large flowers ; leaves
opposite. i. Phlox.
Seeds mucilaginous when wetted ; annuals ; floral leaves alternate ; flowers small.
2. Microsteris. Corolla funnelform, tubular, salverform or campanulate ; leaves alternate or opposite.
3. Gilia.
Calyx not scarious between the lobes ; leaves alternate, deeply cleft. 4. Leptodactylon.
GENUS I.
PHLOX FAMILY.
53
Calyx not distended nor ruptured by the capsule ; leaves alternate. Calyx-teeth herbaceous, not spinulose-tipped.
Stamens declined ; leaves pinnate.
Stamens straight and leaves entire in our species. Calyx-teeth spinulose-tipped ; leaves pinnatifid.
5. Polemonium.
6. Collomla.
7. Naverretia.
i. PHLOX L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753.
Perennial or rarely annual, erect or diffuse herbs, with opposite entire leaves, or some of the upper ones alternate, and large blue purple red or white flowers, in terminal cymes or cymose panicles. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-ribbed, 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acuminate, mostly scarious-margined and the sinuses commonly scarious. Corolla salver- form, the tube narrow, the limb 5-lobed; lobes obovate, orbicular or obcordate, spreading. Stamens straight, short, unequally inserted on the corolla-tube, included. Ovary oblong or ovoid, 3-celled ; style usually slender ; ovules 1-4 in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, 3-valved, at length distending and rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds usually only i in each cavity of the capsule, ovoid, wingless or narrowly winged, not emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, flame.]
About 40 species, natives of North America and Russian Asia, many of them widely cultivated. Besides the following, some 24 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species : Phlox glaberrima L. Leaves flat, ovate, oblong, lanceolate or linear.
Cymes panicled ; flowers short-pedicelled or sessile. Calyx-teeth subulate.
Stem glabrous or puberulent ; leaves lanceolate to oblong. i. P. paniculata.
Stem villous, glandular above ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 2. P. amplifolia.
Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute ; leaves lanceolate or ovate, acuminate. 3. P. maculata.
Cymes corymbose, simple, or flowers scattered. Flowering stems erect or ascending, simple. Plants glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves ovate or oblong ; calyx-teeth acute. 4. P. ovata.
Leaves lanceolate or linear ; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate. 5. P. glaberrima.
Plants pubescent, hirsute or villous.
Stems erect or ascending ; no prostrate sterile shoots.
Leaves linear or lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. 6. P. pilosci.
Leaves linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, nearly erect. 7. P. amoena.
Stems ascending or reclining ; sterile shoots prostrate.
Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate. 8. P. divaricata.
Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots obovate. 9. P. stolonifera,
Stems diffusely branched, usually creeping ; leaves narrow.
Corolla-lobes cleft to or about the middle. 10. P. bifida.
Corolla-lobes cleft only at the apex. 1 1. P. Stcllaria.
Corolla-lobes rounded; western. 12. P.Kelseyi.
Leaves subulate, fascicled or crowded ; plants low.
Stems creeping or ascending ; flowers cymose ; eastern.
Corolla-lobes shallowly emarginate; plant not glandular. 13. P.subulata.
Corolla-lobes deeply emarginate; upper part of plant glandular. 14. P.Brittonii.
Densely tufted ; flowers mostly solitary ; western.
Leaves densely white-woolly, i" long; plant moss-like. IS- P.bryoides.
Leaves less woolly or merely ciliate, 2"— 6" long.
Corolla-tube shorter than or equalling the calyx. 16. P.Hoodn.
Corolla-tube longer than the calyx. 17- P.Douglasn.
i. Phlox paniculata L. Garden Phlox. Fig. 3454-
Phlox paniculata L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753.
Stem erect, stout or slender, simple or branched above, glabrous or puberulent, 2°-6° high. Leaves thin, sessile or short-petioled, oblong to oblong-lanceo- late, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, or the uppermost subcordate, 2-6' long, i'-ii' wide ; flowers short-pedicelled in compact paniculate cymules, the inflorescence often 12' long; calyx-teeth subulate, glabrous, puberulent or glandular, more than one-half as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple or white, its lobes broadly obovate, rounded, entire, shorter than its tube ; capsule oval, obtuse, slightly longer than the ruptured calyx-tube.
In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Florida, Illinois, Kansas and Louisiana. Freely escaped from gardens in the north and east. Consists of many races, differing in leaf-form, size and color of flowers, and in pubescence. July-Sept.
POLEMONIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Phlox amplifolia Britton. Large-leaved Phlox. Fig. 3455.
Phlox amplifolia Britton, Man. 757. 1901.
Stem yillous or glandular-villous, at least above, 2°-3i° high. Leaves large and broad, 2i'-6' long, ii'-2i' wide, roughish above, the upper sessile, the lower ones, or some of them, narrowed, usually abruptly, into winged petioles which are sometimes one-third as long as the blade ; flowers similar to those of P. pan'.culata, the inflorescence often i° long; calyx glandular-villous; corolla-tube glabrous, the lobes obovate, rounded or retuse; capsules 4"~5" long.
Woods and thickets, Indiana to Missouri, Kentucky and Tennessee. June-Aug.
Phlox maculata L. Wild Sweet- William. Fig. 3456.
Phlox maculata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753. Phlox suaveolens Ait. Hort. Kew. i : 206.
1789.
Stem slender, erect, simple or branched above, glabrous or puberulent, usually flecked with pur- ple, iJ°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, rather firm, long- acuminate, sessile, rounded or subcordate at the base, 2'~5' long, widest just above the base, the lowest sometimes linear-lanceolate; flowers short-pedicelled, the compact cymules forming an elongated narrow thyrsoid panicle ; calyx- teeth triangular-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, about one-fourth the length of the tube; corolla pink or purple, rarely white, its lobes rounded, shorter than the tube ; capsule similar to that of the two preceding species.
In moist woods and along streams, Connecticut to Florida, Ohio, Minnesota and Mississippi. Oc- casionally escaped from gardens further north. P. maculata var. Candida Michx. (P. suaveolens Ait.) is a race with white flowers and unspotted stem, occurring with the type. June-Aug.
Y\
4. Phlox ovata L. Mountain Phlox. Fig- 3457-
Phlox ovata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Phlox Carolina L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 216. 1762.
Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stems sim- ple, slender, ascending from a decumbent base, i°-2° hisrh. Leaves rather firm, the upper ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a rounded or sub- cordate base, acute at the apex, i'-2' long, the lower and basal ones longer, oblong or ovate- oblong, acute at both ends, narrowed into slender often margined petioles ; flowers short-pedicelled in corymbed or sometimes simple cymes ; calyx- teeth lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of the tube ; corolla pink or red, its lobes obovate, rounded, entire.
In woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina, Geor- gia and Alabama, mostly in the mountains. May-Aug.
GENUS i.
PHLOX FAMILY.
5. Phlox glaberrima L. Smooth Phlox. Fig- 3458.
Phlox glaberrima L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem simple, slender, erect or ascending, i°-3° high. Leaves lan- ceolate or linear, rather firm, mostly i-nerved, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, ii'-4' long, 2"-6" wide, sessile, or the lowest linear or ob- long, obtusish, shorter, and short -petioled ; flowers short-pedicelled, the cymules corymbed ; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate, one-third to one-half the length of the tube ; corolla commonly pink, its lobes obo- vate, rounded or obcordate, longer than the tube.
In open woods and on prairies, Virginia to Illinois, Wisconsin, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri and Arkansas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. May-July.
6. Phlox pilosa L. Downy or Prairie Phlox. Fig. 3459.
Phlox pilosa L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Soft downy or hairy, often glandular ; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, slen- der, i°-2° high. Leaves linear or lanceolate, spreading or divaricate, long-acuminate, i'-4' long, ii"-4" wide, sessile, the base narrowed or rounded ; cymules corymbed ; flowers short- pedicelled; calyx glandular, viscid, its teeth setaceous-subulate, longer than the tube ; co- rolla pink, purple or white, its lobes obovate, entire, the tube usually pubescent; capsule shorter than the calyx.
In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, Connecticut, New Jersey, Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Hairy phlox. Sweet-william. April-June.
Phlox argillacea Gute & Ferriss is a recently described relative or race of this species, grow- ing on prairies in Indiana and Illinois.
7. Phlox amoena Sims. Hairy Phlox. Fig. 3460.
Phlox amoena Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1308. 1810.
Usually quite hairy; stems simple, slender, ascend- ing, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear-oblong to ovate- oblong, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, nearly erect, \'-2r long, ii"-2$" wide, the lowest much shorter ; flowers very nearly sessile in a dense terminal simple or somewhat com- pound cyme, which is subtended by the uppermost pair of leaves ; calyx hirsute, its teeth subulate, as long as or shorter than the tube ; corolla pink or white, its lobes obovate, entire or rarely emarginate, shorter than the glabrous tube.
In dry soil, Virginia to Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida and Alabama. April-June.
POLEMONIACEAE.
VOL. III.
8. Phlox divaricata L. Wild Blue Phlox. Fig. 3461.
Phlox divaricata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Finely viscid-pubescent ; stems ascending or diffuse, slender, producing creeping or ascend- ing leafy shoots from the base. Leaves of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate, obtuse, i'-2r long, those of the flowering stems lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, mostly acute or acutish ; flowers pedicelled in open corymbed cymules, faintly fragrant ; calyx-teeth subu- late, longer than the tube ; corolla bluish, its lobes obcordate, emarginate or entire, not much longer than the tube, sometimes shorter; capsule oblong-globose, about 2" high.
In moist woods, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascends to 3700 ft. in Virginia. Sometimes called wild sweet william. April-June.
9. Phlox stolonifera Sims. Crawling Phlox. Fig. 3462.
Phlox stolonifera Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 563. 1802. Phlox rep tans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 145. 1803.
Hirsute or pubescent ; stems slender, diffuse, producing sterile creeping leafy shoots from the base. Leaves of the sterile shoots obovate, obtuse at the apex, I'-tf long, narrowed at the base into petioles; flowering stems 4'-io' high, their leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, smaller ; flowers in a simple or barely compound cyme, slender-pedicelled ; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, as long as the tube or longer; corolla pink, purple or violet, its lobes rounded, mostly entire, about one-half the length of the tube; capsule subglo- bose, ii" high.
In woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Kentucky, mainly in the mountains. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. April-June.
10. Phlox bifida Beck. Cleft Phlox. Fig- 3463-
P. bifida Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. n : 170. 1826.
Puberulent or pubescent ; stems diffuse, somewhat woody, much branched, slender, often i° long, the branches erect or ascend- ing, 4'-8' high. Leaves of sterile shoots linear, sessile, i'-2' long, i"-2" wide, acute, those of flowering branches linear-oblong or lanceolate, much shorter; flowers in simple cymes or solitary in the axils, slender-pedi- celled; pedicels 3"-i2" long; calyx-teeth lan- ceolate-subulate, somewhat longer than the tube ; corolla pale purple, it's lobes as long as the tube or somewhat shorter, cuneate, cleft to about the middle into linear or oblong obtuse diverging segments ; capsule oblong- globose, i"-ii" high.
In dry places, Indiana to Tennessee, Michigan and Missouri. April-June.
GENUS i.
PHLOX FAMILY
ii. Phlox Stellaria A. Gray. Chick- weed Phlox. Fig. 3464.
Phlox Stellaria A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 252. 1870.
Glabrous or puberulent; stems diffuse, some- what woody, much branched, the branches nearly erect, 3'-8' high. Leaves all linear, or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute, i'-2' long, i"-ii" wide; flowers in simple cymes or soli- tary in the axils, slender-pedicelled ; calyx- teeth subulate-lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla pale blue or nearly white, its lobes cuneate, 2-lobed at the apex, nearly as long as the tube.
On cliffs, southern Illinois and Kentucky and in Tennessee. April-May.
12. Phlox Kelseyi Britton. Kelsey's Phlox. Fig. 3465.
P. Kelseyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 19 : 225. 1892.
Many-stemmed from a woody root, the stems spreading, creeping, or ascending, some- times 8' long, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above, very leafy. Leaves oblong, or linear- oblong, sessile, glabrous, or nearly so 3"-i2" long, i "-2" wide, or the upper longer and narrower, thick, rigid, the apex spinose- mucronate, the revolute margins ciliate ; flow- ers sessile or short-peduncled; peduncles and calyx somewhat glandular-pubescent or gla- brous; calyx-teeth subulate, as long as the tube or longer ; corolla-tube somewhat exceed- ing the calyx, the limb about 8" broad, blue or lilac, the obovate-cuneate lobes rounded or truncate.
North Dakota to Nebraska, Montana and Wyo- ming. May-June.
13. Phlox subulata L. Ground or Moss Pink. Fig. 3466.
Phlox subulata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Pubescent or becoming glabrate. Stems tufted, forming mats, diffuse, much branched, the branches 2'-6' long. Leaves persistent, subulate- linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, 4"-io" long, i"-i" wide, spreading, ciliate, rigid, commonly fascicled at the nodes ; flowers in simple cymes, slender-pedicelled ; calyx-teeth subulate from a broader base, about as long as the tube ; corolla pink, purple or white, with a darker eye, its lobes emarginate or entire, shorter than the tube; capsule oblong, nearly 2" high.
In dry sandy or rocky soil, New York to Florida, west to Michigan and Kentucky. Ascends to 3500 ft. in West Virginia. Wild or mountain-pink. Flower- ing moss. April-June.
POLEMONIACEAE.
VOL. III.
14. Phlox Brittonii Small. Britton's Phlox. Fig- 3467.
Phlox Brittonii Small, Bull. Torr. Club 27: 279. 1900.
Glandular-pilose, deep green ; stems copiously branched, forming wide mats. Leaves numerous, with small ones often clustered in the axils of the larger, subulate or narrowly linear-subulate, 2i"-s" long, ciliate, especially near the base ; calyx glandu- lar-pubescent like the branches, the lobes subulate, about as long as the tube ; corolla mainly white, the limb 12-13 mm. broad, its lobes cuneate, much shorter than the tube, with 2 pale magenta spots at the base, cleft by a V-shaped sinus, a minute tooth in each sinus ; capsule oblong, 2" high.
On dry mountain slopes, Virginia, West Virginia and North Carolina. May.
15. Phlox bryoides Nutt. Moss Phlox. Fig. 3468.
Phlox bryoides Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) i: 153. 1848.
Depressed, shrubby, moss-like, densely branched from a deep woody root, forming compact tufts 2'-$' high. Leaves minute (about i" long), closely im- bricated in 4 ranks, copiously white-woolly, triangu- lar-lanceolate, pale, acute, the margins infolded; flowers solitary and sessile at the ends of the branches, about 2.\" long; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx, its lobes broadly cuneate, entire.
On dry hills, western Nebraska, Colorado and Wyo- ming. May-July.
1 6. Phlox Hoodii Richards. Fig- 3469.
Hood's Phlox.
Phlox Hoodii Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 733. pi. 28. 1823.
Densely tufted and branched from a woody root, 2'-4' high. Leaves imbricated, erect, rigid, subulate, mucronate, somewhat woolly or ciliate, becoming glabrat'e, 2 "-6" long; flowers solitary and sessile at the ends of the branches, about 5" long; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, longer than the tube; tube of the corolla shorter than or equalling the calyx, its lobes obovate, entire.
In dry sandy or rocky soil. North Dakota to Mani- toba, Alberta, western Nebraska and Wyoming. May- July.
GEN- us I.
PHLOX FAMILY.
17. Phlox Douglasii Hook. Douglas' Phlox. Fig. 3470.
P. Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 73. pi. 158. 1834. Phlox Douglasii andicola Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
5 : 269. 1894. Phlox Douglasii longifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
8:254. 1870. Not P. longifolia Nutt.
Similar to the preceding species ; leaves pubes- cent or glabrous, less imbricated, sometimes spreading, rigid, usually fascicled at the nodes, 4"-i2" long. Flowers solitary and sessile or short-pedicelled at the ends of the branches, 5"-8" long; calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the tube ; tube of the purple or white corolla longer than the calyx, its lobes obovate, entire.
Dry soil, Nebraska and Montana to Utah, Cali- fornia and British Columbia. May-July.
2. MICROSTERIS Greene, Pittonia 3 : 300. 1898.
Much-branched annual herbs, with entire leaves, all but the floral ones opposite, the small flowers solitary or in pairs in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campanulate, 5-cleft, scarious between, the lobes. Corolla salver form, with a slender tube and a 5-lobed limb. Stamens short. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule at length distending and rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds few and large, mucilaginous when wetted, but not emitting spiral tubes. [Greek, small Steris.]
About 6 species, of western North America. Type species : Microsteris grdcilis (Dougl.) Greene.
i. Microsteris micrantha (Kellogg) Greene. Small-flowered Microsteris. Fig. 3471.
Collomia micrantha Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. 3: 18.
1863. M. micrantha Greene, Pittonia 3: 303. 1898.
Annual, pubescent, at length corymbpsely much branched, 2'-6' high, the branches ascending. Lower and basal leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse, com- monly opposite and nearly sessile, the upper linear or lanceolate, sessile, i'-i' long, i"-2" wide, opposite or alternate, entire ; cymes i-s-flowered ; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, usually longer than the tube; corolla about 4" long, the tube yellowish, narrow, equalling or slightly longer than the calyx, the lobes purple or violet, short; ovules 2 or 3 in each cavity; capsule oblong, obtuse, as long as or longer than the calyx- tube.
In dry or moist soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and California. In our first edition referred to the northwestern M. gracilis (Dougl.) Greene. April-Aug.
3. GILIA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per. 47. 1798.
Herbs with opposite or alternate, entire pinnatifid palmatifid or dissected leaves. Flowers small or large, solitary, cymose, capitate, thyrsoid, or paniculate. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the sinuses scarious. Corolla funnelform, tubular, campanulate, rotate or salverform, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, oblong, or obovate. Stamens equally or unequally inserted on the corolla, included or exserted. Ovary oblong or ovoid, 3-celled ; ovules solitary or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 3-celled, at length dis- tending and rupturing the calyx. Seed-coat commonly mucilaginous when wetted, in some species emitting thread-like tubes. [Named for Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.]
About 100 species, natives of America. Besides the following, many others occur in the south- ern and western parts of North America. Type species : Gilia laciniata R. & P. Corolla funnel-form to salverform ; leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided, the segments linear, not
rigid.
Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate or corymbose-paniculate. Corolla i'-2r long; plants i°-4° tall.
Flowers paniculate, white. i. G.longiflora.
Flowers narrowly thyrsoid, red. 2. G. aggregata.
Corolla 3"-5" long, violet or blue. 3. G. pinnatifida.
Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate. 4. G. spicata.
6o
POLEMOXIACEAE.
VOL. III.
Flowers in dense or capitate cymes, or heads ; flower-clusters leafy-bracted.
Perennial ; corolla-tube not longer than the calyx. 5. G. ibcridifolia.
Annual ; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx. 6. G. pumila.
Corolla rotate ; leaf-segments acicular. 7. G. acerosa.
I. Gilia longiflora (Torr.) Don. White-flowered Gilia. Fig. 3472.
Cantua longiflora Torr. Ann. Lye. 2: 221. 1827. Gilia longiflora Don, Gard. Diet. 4: 245. 1838. Collomia longifl. A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 261. 1870.
Annual, glabrous, paniculately branched, i°-2° high. Leaves all alternate, sessile, \'-2\' long, pin- nately divided into linear-filiform segments or the uppermost entire; flowers numerous, white, panicu- late, about 2 long ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the tube ; corolla salverform, its tube narrow, 4 or 5 times as long as the orbicular or ovate, rounded or pointed, spreading lobes ; sta- mens unequally inserted; ovules 8-12 in each cell; capsule narrowly oblong, exceeding or equalling the calyx ; seed-coat mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted.
In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Ari- zona. May-Sept.
Gilia rubra (L.) Heller (Gilia coronopifolia Pers.), a related species with less spreading corolla-lobes, is com- monly cultivated, and rarely escapes from gardens to roadsides and waste grounds.
2. Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng. Scar- let Gilia. Fig. 3473.
Cantua aggregata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 147. 1814. Gilia aggregata Spreng, Syst. i : 626. 1825.
Biennial, pubescent or puberulent; stem simple or sparingly branched, 2°-4° high, leafy at least below. Leaves alternate, the basal often tufted, mostly petioled, i'-3' long, pinnately parted into narrowly linear segments ; inflorescence narrowly thyrsoid-paniculate, often 12' long; flowers ses- sile or very nearly so in small peduncled clusters, scarlet or red ; corolla tubular-funnelform, the tube i'-ii' long, slightly thicker upward, the limb cleft into ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate spreading or recurved lobes; stamens unequally or about equally inserted in the throat ; ovules numerous ; seeds mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted.
In dry soil, western Nebraska (according to . Coulter) to Texas and Mexico, west to British Columbia and California. June-Aug.
3. Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. Small-flowered Gilia. Fig. 3474.
Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. ; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 :
276. 1870.
Biennial or perennial from a deep root, much branched, viscid-glandular, 6'-2° high. Leaves thick, pinnatifid, the basal tufted, i'-3' long, the segments linear-oblong, sometimes toothed, ob- tuse or acutish, 2"-6" long, those of the stem alternate, smaller, the uppermost minute and en- tire ; flowers very numerous, small, paniculate, some sessile, some petioled ; calyx 5-lobed. the lobes lanceolate to ovate; corolla salverform, 3 "-5" long, the limb violet or blue, its white tube longer than the calyx and its pboyate lobes ; sta- mens exserted ; seeds not mucilaginous nor emit- ting spiral threads when wetted.
In sandy soil, western Nebraska anJ Wyoming to New Mexico. Has been mistaken for G. inconspicua, June-Aug.
GENUS 3.
PHLOX FAMILY.
61
4 Gilia spicata Nutt. Spicate Gilia. Fig. 3475.
Cilia spicata Nutt Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) i : 156. 1848.
Perennial, woolly-tomentose ; stems erect, rather stout, simple, solitary, or 2-4 from the woody root, 6'-i8' high. Leaves alternate, narrowly linear, pinnately parted into 3-5 linear segments, or some or many of them entire, i'-2' long; flowers in an elongated narrow spicate thyrsus, sessile in small clusters, purplish, 4"-6" long; tube of the corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx, con- siderably longer than the ovate-oblong lobes ; calyx- lobes acuminate; anthers equally inserted in the throat.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming and Utah. May-Aug.
Gilia iberidifolia Benth. Round-headed Gilia. Fig. 3476.
Cilia iberidifolia Benth. in Hook. Kew. Journ. Bot. 3 : 290. 1851.
Perennial by a deep root, woolly-tomentose, at least when young, branched from the base or also above, 3'-i8' high. Leaves mostly petioled, ¥-2' long, pinnately divided into 3-9 narrowly linear sharp-pointed segments, or the uppermost entire; flowers white, densely capitate-clustered, 2"— 3" long, the clusters bracted by the upper leaves, i'-i' broad, sometimes corymbed ; calyx-lobes awn-like; corolla-tube about the length of the calyx, slightly longer than the oval lobes ; fila- ments equally inserted in or below the sinuses of the corolla; ovules 1-4 in each cavity.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado, California, Montana and Idaho. In our first edition included in the similar G. congesta Hook. May-Aug.
6. Gilia pumila Nutt. Low Gilia. Fig. 3477.
Cilia pumila Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) i: 156. 1848.
Annual, branched from the base and sometimes also above, woolly at least when young, 3'-8' high. Leaves alternate, thick, i'-i' long, pinnately di- vided into linear mucronulate sometimes lobed segments, or the uppermost entire ; flowers in dense or at length looser simple or compound cymes, sessile ; corolla 3 "-4" long, its tube about 3 times the length of the lobes and twice as long as the calyx ; calyx-lobes awn-like ; stamens in- serted in or below the sinuses of the corolla, somewhat exserted; ovules 5 or 6 in each cavity.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to Texas, Idaho, Nevada and New Mexico. April-June.
Gilia tricolor Benth., of California, admitted into our first edition as recorded escaped from gardens to roadsides at Lincoln, Nebraska, is not known to have become established within our area.
POLEMOXIACEAE.
VOL. III.
7. Gilia acerosa (A. Gray) Britton. Needle-leaved Gilia. Fig. 3478.
G. rigidula var. acerosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 280. 1870. Gilia acerosa Britton, Man. 761. 1901.
Perennial, from a woody base, 4'-7' high, glandular-pubes- cent, bushy-branched, the slender branches erect-ascending. Leaves i' long or less, pinnately parted into 3-7 acicular en- tire segments; flowers scattered, on slender pedicels i' long or less ; corolla rotate, about 10" wide, its lobes rounded at the apex, abruptly contracted at the base; filaments filiform; anthers oblong; capsule about as long as the calyx-tube.
Rocky and gravelly soil, Kansas to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. April-Aug.
4. LEPTODACTYLON H. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 369. 1841.
Low perennial herbs, somewhat woody, with alternate deeply pinnatifid or palmatifid leaves, their segments subulate and spinescent, the rather large flowers terminal, clustered or solitary. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes spinescent, the sinuses not scarious but membranous. Corolla funnel form, 4-5-lobed, the lobes somewhat spreading Stamens short. Capsule at length distending the calyx-tube, many-seeded. [Greek, referring to the deeply divided leaves.]
Three or four species, natives of western North America. Type species : Lcptodactylon cali- fornicum H. & A.
i. Leptodactylon caespitosum Nutt. Tufted Sharp-leaved Gilia. Fig. 3479.
L. caespitosum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. II. i : 157. 1847.
Gilia pungens caespitosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 268. 1870.
Gilia caespitosa A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 25 : 546. 1898. Not A. Gray.
Much branched and tufted from a thick buried woody base, 3'-s' high. Leaves densely fascicled and imbricated, 3~5-parted, 4" long or less, the seg- ments subulate, spinulose-tipped, glabrous, or the margins ciliate ; bases of the old leaves persistent; calyx about half as long as the corolla-tube, 4-lobed, the lobes subulate; corolla white or yellowish, sal- verform, the tube about 6" long, the limb 4-lobed; stamens 4.
Dry bluffs, western Nebraska and Wyoming. June- Sept.
Leptodactylon pungens Nutt. [Gilia pungens (Torr.) Benth.], of western North America, illus- trated in our first edition, where the above species was regarded as a variety of it, is not known to occur within our area.
GENUS 5.
PHLOX FAMILY.
5. POLEMONIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 162. 1753.
Perennial or rarely annual herbs, with alternate pinnate membranous leaves, and mostly large cymose-paniculate or thyrsoid flowers. Calyx herbaceous, not angled nor ribbed, cam- panulate, 5-cleft to about the middle, accrescent in fruit, the segments lanceolate or ovate, entire, erect or connivent over the capsule. Corolla tubular-campanulate or funnelform, rarely rotate, blue, white or yellow, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens about equally inserted near the base of the corolla, declined, the filaments slender, often pilose at the base. Ovary ovoid; ovules few or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, 3-valved. Seeds wingless, or narrowly winged, mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Name not explained.]
About 15 species, natives of the cooler parts of the north temperate zone. Besides the follow- ing, some 10 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Polemonium coeruleum L.
Anthers exserted ; flowers 8"-io" broad ; stem erect. i. P. Van Bruntiae.
Anthers included ; flowers s"-6" broad ; stem reclining. 2. p. reptans.
i. Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton. American Jacob's Ladder. Fig. 3480.
Polemonium coeruleum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 4, App. 1863.
Not L. 1753. Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 19:
224. pi. 131. 1892.
Rootstock stout, horizontal, clothed with fibrous roots. Stems erect, glabrous below, somewhat glandular-pubescent above, ii°-2$° high, leafy to the top ; leaflets of the lower leaves short-stalked or sessile, ovate or lanceolate, acute, i'-ii' long, those of the upper fewer, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foliolate or simple; cymose clusters panicled or solitary, rather loosely 3-5-flowered ; pedicels 2" -4" long; flowers bluish-purple, 8"-io" broad; corolla- lobes rounded ; calyx 5-lobed to about the middle, much enlarged in fruit, the lobes acute; stamens exserted ; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity ; capsule sev- eral-seeded.
In swamps and along streams, Vermont and northern New York to Maryland. Differs from the Old World P. coeruleum L. in its stout rootstocks, more leafy stem, exserted stamens, and rounded corolla-lobes. May- July.
2. Polemonium reptans L. Greek Valerian. Blue-bell. Fig. 3481.
Polemonium reptans L. Syst. Ed. 10, no. i. 1759.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, usually not more than i° high; stems weak, slender, at length reclining or diffuse, the rootstock short. Leaflets oblong, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate-oblong, i'-ii' long, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foliolate or simple ; flowers blue, s"-8" broad ; calyx 5-lobed, its lobes obtuse or acute; stamens not exserted; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity ; seeds about 3 in each capsule.
In woods, New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. April- May. American abscess-root. Sweat-root. American- or creeping great-valerian.
6. COLLOMIA Nutt. Gen. i : 126. 1818.
Annual or rarely perennial herbs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and purple white or reddish capitate or cymose flowers. Calyx obpyramidal or cup-shaped, 5-cleft, scarious in the sinuses, accrescent in fruit, not distended by nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, its
64
POLEMONIACEAE.
VOL. III.
lobes lanceolate or triangular, entire, erect, the sinuses often at length enlarged into a revo- lute lobe. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, the limb 5-lobed, spreading, the lobes obtuse. Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, mostly straight, the filaments unequal. Ovules I or few in each cavity. Capsule oval to obovoid. Seeds of most species mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, gluten, referring to the glutinous seeds when wetted.]
About 15 species, natives of western America. Besides the following typical one, some 10 others occur in the western United States and British Columbia.
i. Collomia linearis Nutt. Narrow-leaved Collomia. Fig. 3482.
Collomia linearis Nutt. Gen. i : 126. 1818. Cilia linearis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17 : 223.
1882.
Annual, viscid-puberulent ; stem erect, leafy, sim- ple or branched, slender, 3'-i8' high. Leaves linear- oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, \'-2\' long, i$"-6" wide; flowers 5"-?" long, numerous in terminal capitate leafy-bracted clusters; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceo- late, acute; corolla light purple or nearly white, the tube very slender, longer than the calyx, the lobes i "-2" long; capsule at maturity about as long as the calyx.
In dry soil, Manitoba to Minnesota and Nebraska, west to British Columbia, Arizona and California. Also in Quebec and New Brunswick. May-Aug.
7. NAVARRETIA R. & P. Fl. Per. 2 : 8. 1799.
Annual glabrous or viscid-pubescent herbs, with alternate spinose-pinnatifid leaves, or the lowest entire, and numerous small flowers in dense terminal bracted clusters. Calyx prismatic or obpyramidal, the tube S-angled, 5-cleft, not accrescent in fruit, not distended by nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, the sinuses scarious, the lobes mostly unequal, erect or spreading, spiny-tipped, entire, or often toothed. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, 5-lobed, the lobes oval or oblong. Stamens straight or declined, equally inserted in or below the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules solitary, few or several in each cavity. Capsule i-3-celled, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds mostly mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [In honor of Navarrete, a Spanish physician.]
About 24 species, natives of western America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western United States. Type species : Navarretia involucrata R. & P.
i. Navarretia minima Nutt. Small Navar- retia. Fig. 3483.
Navarretia minima Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) i: 160. 1848.
Cilia minima A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 269. 1870.
Depressed, tufted, somewhat pubescent; stem usu- ally branched, I'-T,' high. Leaves sessile, i'-i' long, i-2-pinnatifid into almost filiform rigid acicular seg- ments; flowers about 2" long, white, densely capi- tate; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, mostly toothed, about as long as the tube and equalling the corolla, the sinuses more or less white-pubescent; calyx-tube about equalling the indehiscent i-6-seeded capsule.
In dry soil, Nebraska and South Dakota to Washing- ton and Arizona. Summer.
GENUS i.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
Family 23. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 271. 1836.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal, rarely opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid cymes, spikes or racemes, or rarely solitary. Calyx inferior, deeply cleft or divided, the sinuses sometimes appendaged. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, salverform, campan- ulate, or rotate. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or base of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes; filaments filiform; anthers ovate, oblong, or linear, mostly versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or none. Ovary superior, 2-celled, or i-celled with 2 placentae; styles 2, separate, or partly united; stigmas small, terminal; ovules few or numerous, anatropous or amphitropous. Capsule i-2-celled, mostly loculicidally 2-valved, rarely septicidally or irregularly dehiscent. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular, usually pitted, rugose or reticu- lated; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous; embryo small; cotyledons half-terete or plano-convex.
About 17 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of western North America. Styles united below; ovary i-celled; leaves mostly lobed or dentate.
Corolla-lobes convolute (rarely imbricated) in the bud ; placentae dilated.
Stamens exserted. i. Hydrophyllum.
Stamens not exserted.
Sinuses of the calyx appendaged. 2. Nemophila.
Calyx much enlarged in fruit, its sinuses not appendaged. 3. Nyctelea.
Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud ; placentae narrow. 4. Phacelia.
Styles distinct to the base ; ovary 2-celled ; leaves entire. 5. Nama.
i. HYDROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 146. 1753.
Perennial or biennial herbs, with large lobed pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves, and rather large, white blue or purple flowers, in terminal or lateral peduncled more or less scorpioid cymes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments lanceolate or subulate, the sinuses naked or appendaged. Corolla tubular-campanulate or campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes con- volute in the bud, each with a linear appendage within, which extends to the base of the corolla and is incurved into a groove. Stamens 5, exserted ; filaments pilose below or at the base ; anthers linear or oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled, hispid-pubescent ; placentae fleshy, dilated so as to nearly fill the cavity, free from the ovary-wall except at the top and bottom, each enclosing 2 ovules ; styles united nearly to the summit. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4, globose-obovoid. [Greek, water-leaf, referring to the supposed cavity for water in each leaf.]
About 12 species, natives of North America. Type species: Hydrophyllum virginianutn L. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnatifid or pinnately divided. Calyx not appendaged in the sinuses or scarcely so.
Plant sparingly pubescent ; leaf-segments acute. i. H. virginianum.
Plant villous-hirsute ; leaf-segments blunt. 2. H. macrophyllum.
Calyx with a reflexed appendage in each sinus. 3. H. appendiculatum.
Leaves palmately s-g-lobed. 4. H. canadense.
I. Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Vir- ginia Water-leaf. Fig. 3484.
H. virginianum L. Sp. PI. 146. 1753.
Perennial by scaly rootstocks ; stems slender, glabrous or nearly so, simple or sparingly branched, ascending or erect, rather weak, i°-3° long. Lower and basal leaves long- petioled, 6'-io' long, pinnately divided into 5-7 oblong ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, sharply toothed or incised segments i '-2' long, glabrous or with few scattered hairs ; upper leaves similar, short-petioled, smaller, with fewer segments ; cymes slender-pedun- cled, simple or forked, dense or at length open ; flowers white or violet, purple, darkest at _ high altitudes, short-pedicelled; pedicels strigose-pubescent ; calyx-segments narrowly linear, hispid, spreading, the sinuses not ap- pendaged ; corolla about 4" long, its segments erect ; capsule globose, nearly 2" in diameter.
. In woods, Quebec to Ontario, South Dakota, South Carolina and Kansas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. Brook-flower. May-Aug.
66
HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
VOL. III.
H. patens Britton, of Minnesota, differs in having the calyx-segments appressed to the corolla, the corolla-segments with spreading tips.
2. Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. Large-leaved Water-leaf. Fig. 3485.
H. macrophyllum Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 7: in.
1834-
Perennial by scaly rootstocks, villous-hirsute all over; stem rather stout, 2°-3° high. Lower leaves long-petioled, 8'-l2' long, deeply pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 7-13 oval or ovate obtuse coarsely dentate segments i'-3' long; upper leaves similar, smaller, shorter-petioled and with fewer segments ; cymes long-peduncled, simple or fork- ed, very dense; peduncles stout; pedicels short; flowers nearly white; calyx cleft to below the middle, its lobes lanceolate, erect, white-hispid, the sinuses not appendaged; corolla 5"-6" long; anthers oblong; capsule globose, densely white- hispid, I*" in diameter, enclosed by the calyx.
In rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Illinois, Alabama and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia.
3. Hydrcphyllum appendiculatum Michx. Appendaged Water-leaf. Fig. 3486.
H. appendiculatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 134. 1803.
Biennial, rough-hairy all over; stern slender, simple or usually branched, weak, i°-2° long, somewhat viscid above. Lower and basal leaves long-petioled, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 5-7 ovate or oval, acute or obtusish, irregularly dentate or incised, mem- branous segments ; upper leaves smaller and shorter- petioled, ovate to orbicular, variously lobed, the lobes acute and dentate ; cymes loose, branched, the slender pedicels 4"-io" long; calyx parted to near the base, enlarging in fruit, the segments triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, with a short reflexed appendage in each sinus; corolla violet or purple, 6"-j" long; stamens little exserted; capsule about li" in diameter.
In woods, Ontario to New York, North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Kansas. May-June.
4. Hydrophyllum canadense L. Broad- leaved Water-leaf. Fig. 3487.
H. canadense L. Syst. Ed. 10, 919. 1759.
Perennial by scaly rootstocks ; stems rather slender, commonly simple, glabrous or nearly so, i°-2i° high. Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate, sparingly pubescent, at least above, palmately 5-g-lobed, the lower long-petioled, often 12' broad, occasionally with I or 2 pairs of small segments on the petiole ; upper leaves smaller, but usually 4'-7' broad ; lobes ovate, acuminate, dentate ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; cymes dense or becoming loose, simple or forked ; pedi- cels short, nearly glabrous; calyx cleft nearly to the base, its segments linear-lanceolate, acute, nearly or quite glabrous, sometimes with a minute tooth in each sinus ; corolla campanulate-rotate, white to purplish anthers linear-oblong; capsule 2" in diameter.
In woods, Vermont to New York, North Carolina, Ontario, Illinois and Kentucky. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug.
GENUS 2.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
2. NEMOPHILA Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 2 : 179. 1822.
Annual diffuse pubescent slender and fragile herbs, with alternate or opposite mostly pinnatifid or lobed leaves. Flowers white, blue or variegated, solitary, peduncled, lateral or terminal. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or s-parted, with a reflexed or spreading appendage in each sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate-campanulate, mostly longer than the calyx, usually with 10 small appendages within at the base, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens included ; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary i-celled with placentae similar to those of Hydrophyllum; styles partly united; ovules 2-12 on each placenta. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4. [Greek, grove-loving.]
About 10 species, natives of North America, mostly Californian. Type species: Nemophila phacelioides Nutt.
i. Nemophila microcalyx (Nutt.) F. & M. Small-flowered Nemophila. Fig. 3488.
Ellisia microcalyx Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:
191. 1833-37. Nemophila microcalyx F. & M. Sert. Petrop. pi. 6. 1846.
Stems very slender, diffuse, branched, 2'-! 5' long. Leaves membranous, petioled, i'-2i' long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 obovate cuneate or oblique, obtuse 2-3-dentate or -lobed, approximate or confluent segments, the upper all alternate, the lowest opposite ; peduncles slender, 4 '-12" long, opposite the leaves, shorter than or equalling the petioles ; flowers white or blue, ii"-2" long; appendages in the sinuses of the calyx minute ; calyx scarcely en- larged in fruit ; ovules 2 on each placenta ; corolla- appendages obsolete or none ; anthers oval ; capsule about ii" in diameter, much longer than the calyx, i-2-seeded.
In woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. April-June.
3. NYCTELEA Scop. Introd. 183. 1777.
[MACROCALYX Trew, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 2 : 330-332. pi. 7. /. /. Hyponym. 1/61.]
[ELLISIA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. Not Syst. Ed. 10, 1121. 1759.] Annual hirsute or pubescent branching slender herbs, with opposite or alternate, pin- nately divided or i-3-pinnatifid leaves, and solitary or racemose small white or bluish flowers. Calyx s-lobed or 5-parted, spreading, much enlarged in fruit, destitute of appendages in the sinuses. Corolla campanulate or nearly cylindric, shorter than or slightly exceeding the calyx, usually with 5 minute appendages on the tube within, its lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens included; anthers oval or oblong. Ovary i-celled ; styles united below; ovules 2-4 on each of the placentae, which are similar to those of the two preceding genera. [Name unexplained.]
About 3 species, natives of North America, the fol- lowing typical.
i. Nyctelea Nyctelea (L.) Britton. Nyctelea. Fig. 3489.
Jpomoea Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753. Polemonium ( ?) Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 231. 1762. Ellisia Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. Macrocalyx Nyctelea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 434. 1891.
Sparingly hirsute-pubescent; stem several times forked, 4'-i2' high. Leaves pinnately divided, petioled, 2'-4' long, ovate-oblong in outline, the upper alternate, the lower opposite, the segments oblong or lanceolate, dentate, entire or lobed ; peduncles slender, i-flowered, opposite the leaves; calyx in flower about 2" long, about equalling the corolla, enlarging, widely spreading and be- coming 8"-i4" broad in fruit, its lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit at length pendulous ; capsule globose, 2"-3" in diameter.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Minnesota, Saskatche- wan, Virginia, Nebraska and Kansas. April-July.
68
HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. PHACELIA Juss.; J. F. Gmel. Syst. 330. 1791.
Annual, biennial or perennial, mostly hirsute hispid or scabrous herbs, with alternate entire dentate lobed pinnatifid or dissected leaves, the lowest rarely opposite, and blue purple violet or white flowers in terminal scorpioid cymes or racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, somewhat enlarging in fruit; sinuses not appendaged. Corolla campanulate, nearly rotate, tubular or funnelform, the tube sometimes appendaged within, opposite the lobes, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens exserted or included, attached near the base of the corolla; anthers mostly ovate. Ovary i-celled, the 2 placentae narrow, affixed to the walls; styles united below; ovules 2 or several on each placenta. Capsule i-celled, or falsely nearly 2-celled by the intrusion of the placentae, 2-valved. Seeds usually reticulated. [Greek, a cluster, referring to the clustered flowers of some species.]
About 90 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, some 60 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Phacelia secunda J. F. Gmel.
Corolla-lobes entire.
Corolla manifestly appendaged within, between the stamens. Leaves entire. Leaves crenate-dentate.
Leaves pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the segments incised. Racem.es loose ; pedicels slender ; ovules 2 on each placenta. Racemes dense ; pedicels short ; ovules numerous. Appendages of the corolla inconspicuous or none. Filaments pubescent ; calyx-lobes oblong. Puberulent ; flowers 4"-s" broad. Hirsute ; flowers 6"— 7" broad. Filaments glabrous ; calyx-lobes linear. Corolla nearly rotate, its lobes fimbriate.
Lobes of the leaves and calyx acute. 8. P. Purshii.
Lobes of the leaves and calyx obtuse. 9. P> fimbriata.
1. P. leucophylla.
2. P. integrifolia.
P. bipinnatifida. P. Franklinii.
5. P. dubia.
6. P. hirsuta.
7. P . Covillei.
i. Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Silky Phacelia. Fig. 3490.
Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Frem. Rep. 93. 1845.
Perennial by a stout rootstock, pale, densely silky- pubescent, the hairs appressed or ascending. Stem simple or branched, i°-ii° high; leaves lanceolate to oblong, entire, pinnately veined, 2'-^' long, 4"-i2" wide, the lower long-petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes very dense, nearly straight and i'-3' long when ex- panded; flowers sessile, very numerous, about 4" high; calyx-lobes hispid, oblong-lanceolate or linear, some- what shorter than the white or bluish, 5-lobed corolla ; corolla-appendages conspicuous, in pairs between the filaments; filaments exserted, glabrous; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule ovoid.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Idaho, British Columbia, Nebraska and Colorado. May-Aug. The species has been taken for P. hetcrophylla Pursh, of the far west, which has spreading brown hairs, some of the leaves usu- ally pinnatifid, and pilose filaments.
2. Phacelia integrifolia Torr. Crenate- leaved Phacelia. Fig. 3491.
P. integrifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 222. pi. 3. 1827.
Annual or biennial; stem erect or ascending, rather stout, very leafy, commonly branched above, viscid- hirsute, 6'-2° high. Leaves finely sfrigose-pubescent, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, irregularly cre- nate-dentate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, \'-2.\' long, petioled or the uppermost sessile; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes dense, 2'-4' long when expanded; flowers sessile, about 4" long; calyx-segments oblong, acute; corolla tubular-campanulate, white or blue, its tube longer than the calyx ; filaments glabrous, exserted ; ovules 2 on each placenta ; capsule ovoid, obtuse.
In saline soil, western Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth) ; Oklahoma to Colorado, Mexico, Utah and Ari- zona. April-Sept.
GENUS 4.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
69
3. Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Loose- flowered Phacelia. Fig. 3492.
Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 134. pi. 16. 1803.
Biennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem erect, usually much branched, glandular-viscid above, i°-2° high. Leaves slender-petioled, 2 '-5' long, pinnately divided or deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 ovate or oblong acute or acutish, dentate or incised segments, or these again pinnatifid ; flowers blue or violet, 6"-8" broad, numerous, slender-pedicelled in loose racemes, the inflorescence only slightly scorpioid; pedicels 4"-io" long, recurved in fruit; calyx-segments linear; ap- pendages of the rotate-campanulate corolla in pairs between the stamens, conspicuous, villous on the margins, corolla-lobes entire; filaments pilose, ex- serted; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule globose.
In moist thickets and along streams, Ohio to Illinois, Missouri, Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. April-June.
4. Phacelia Franklinii (R. Br.) A. Gray. Franklin's Phacelia. Fig. 3493.
Eutoca Franklinii R. Br. App. Frank. Journ. 51. pi. 27.
1823. Phacelia Franklinii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 329. 1856.
Annual, villous-pubescent ; stem erect, 6'-i8' high, simple, or corymbosely branched at the sum- mit. Leaves 1^-3' long, pinnately parted into 7-15 linear or linear-oblong acute entire dentate or incised segments ; flowers blue or nearly white, short-pedicelled in dense scorpioid racemes ; calyx- segments linear-lanceolate, acute; longer than the tube of the rotate-campanulate corolla ; append- ages of the corolla free at the apex ; anthers scarcely exserted ; filaments glabrous, or nearly so ; styles united nearly to the summit ; ovules numerous on each placenta; capsule ovoid, acute.
Western Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota to Brit- ish Columbia, Wyoming and Idaho. Summer.
5. Phacelia dubia (L.) Small. Small-flowered Phacelia. Fig. 3494.
Polemonium dubium L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753. Phacelia parviflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 140. 1814. Phacelia dubia Small, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 303. 1894.
Annual, pubernlant or glabrate, branched from the base, the branches very slender, erect or ascending, 5'-i2' high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, i'-2' long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 oblong obtuse entire or dentate segments, or rarely merely dentate, or even entire ; upper leaves much smaller, sessile, less divided ; flowers light blue or white, racemose, 4"-s" broad; racemes 5~i5-flowered, elon- gated in fruit; pedicels 3 "-7" long; calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; corolla rotate-campanu- late, the appendages obsolete; filaments pubescent; anthers slightly exserted; ovules 4-8 on each pla- centa; capsule globose, li" in diameter, 6-i2-seeded; fruiting pedicels ascending.
In moist soil, New York and Pennsylvania to Georgia, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April-June.
HYDRO PHYLLACEAE.
VOL. III.
6. Phacelia hirsuta Xutt. Hairy Phacelia. Fig- 3495-
Phccelia hirsuta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 191. 1834-37. Phacelia parviflora van hirsuta A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 10 : 321. 1875.
Similar to the preceding species but usually stouter and larger, hirsute-pubescent. Leaves petioled, pinnatifid or deeply pinnately divided into 5-9 oblong obtuse usually entire segments, or the upper 3~5-lobed or entire, sessile ; racemes rather dense, scorpioid when unfolding; flowers blue, 6"~7" broad ; calyx-segments oblong-lanceo- late, hirsute ; corolla rotate-campanulate, its ap- pendages short; ovules 3-4 on each placenta; stamens scarcely exserted; capsule globose, 4-8- seeded.
In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia, west to Missouri, Kansas and Texas. April-June.
7. Phacelia Covillei S. Wats. Coville's Phacelia. Fig. 3496.
Phacelia Covillei S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 360. 1890.
Annual, similar to the two preceding species, branched from the base, pubescent; branches very slender, weak, 6'-i2' long. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-7 oblong or obovate, obtuse segments ; racemes only i-5-flowered ; pedicels filiform, 6"-8" long; calyx-segments linear, elongating in fruit; corolla tubular-campanulate, about 3" long and broad when expanded ; filaments glabrous ; anthers not exserted; appendages of the co- rolla obsolete ; capsule globose, i i"-2" in diam- eter; fruiting pedicels recurved.
Along the Potomac River above Washington, D. C, and in Illinois. April-May.
8. Phacelia Purshii Buckl. Pursh's Phacelia. Fig. 3497.
Phacelia Purshii Euckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 171. 1843.
Annual, pubescent ; stem erect, usually much branched, 6'-i8' high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, il'~3' long, pinnately parted or pin- natifid into 9-15 oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtusish, entire or sometimes incised segments ; upper leaves sessile, with fewer segments ; ra- cemes strongly i-sided, io-2o-flowered, much elongated in fruit; pedicels 3"-i2" long; calyx- segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; corolla S"-6" broad, blue or white, nearly rotate, not appendaged within, its lobes fimbriate ; filaments slightly exceeding the corolla ; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule globose-ovoid.
In moist woods or thickets, Pennsylvania to Min- nesota, south to North Carolina, Alabama and Mis- souri. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April-June.
GENUS 4.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
9. Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fringed or Mountain Phacelia. Fig. 3498.
Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 134. 1803.
Annual, sparingly pubescent; stems simple or branched, ascending or diffuse, 6'-2o' long. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, "'-4' long, pin- nately divided into 5-9 orbicular obovate or oblong obtuse dentate or entire segments ; upper leaves sessile, their segments oblong or lanceolate, acute ; clusters loose, 3-i2-flowered ; pedicels 4"-: 5" long; flowers 4"-s" broad, white; calyx-segments linear to spatulate, obtuse; corolla rotate-campanulate, not appendaged within, its lobes strongly fimbriate; fila- ments pilose, about equalling the corolla ; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule depressed-globose, 2" in diameter.
In woods, mountains of Virginia to Alabama. May- June.
5. NAMA L. Sp. PL 226. 1753.
[HYDROLEA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 328. 1762.]
Perennial herbs, some tropical species shrubby, with alternate entire leaves, sometimes with spines in their axils, and b!ue cymose-clustered or racemose flowers. Calyx-segments distinct to the base, ovate or lanceolate. Corolla rotate-campanulate, not appendaged within, 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; fila- ments filiform, dilated below; anthers sagittate. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ; ovules numerous in each cavity, on fleshy adherent placentae ; styles 2, rarely 3, slender or filiform, distinct to the base; stigma capitellate. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally or irregularly dehiscent.
About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regoins of both the Old World and the New. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. Type species : Nama zeylanica L.
Leaves lanceolate ; flowers mostly in axillary clusters.
Glabrous, or very nearly so, throughout ; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate. i. N. affinis.
Villous, at least above, and on the calyx ; sepals lanceolate. 2. N. quadrivalvis.
Leaves ovate ; flowers mostly in terminal clusters ; sepals villous. 3. N. ovata.
i. Nama affinis (A. Gray) Kuntze. Smooth Nama. Fig. 3499.
Hydrolea affinis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 370. 1867. Nama affinis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 435. 1891.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, with or without slender spines in the axils; stems ascending, i°-2i° high. Leaves ob- long-lanceolate, petioled, acute or acumi- nate at both ends, 2 '-5' long, 4"-8" wide; flowers 6"-7" broad, short-pedicelled, in rather dense peduncled leafy-bracted axil- lary clusters ; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, about equalling the corolla ; capsule 2" in diameter when ma- ture, somewhat longer than the styles, shorter than the sepals.
In wet places, southern Illinois to Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Nama quadrivalvis (Walt.) Kuntze. Hairy Nama. Fig. 3500.
Hydrolea qitadrivalvis Walt. Fl. Car. no. 1788. H. caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 177. 1803. N. quadrivalvis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 435. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species, but pubes- cent, at least above, and on the calyx, with spreading hairs, usually bearing slender spines in the axils