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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY
OF
ARTS AND SCIENCES.
NEW SERIES. Vol. XII.
WHOLE SERIES. Vol. XX.
FROM MAY, 1884, TO MAY, 1885. SELECTED FROM THE RECORDS.
BOSTON:
UNIVERSITY PRESS: JOHN WILSON AND SON.
1885.
r^
n^'^ 1
CONTENTS.
PAGE
I. A Revision of the North American Species of the Genus
Oxijtropis, DC. By AsA Gray 1
II. Notes on some North American Species of Saxifraga, By Asa
Gray 8
III. A Contribution to our Knowledge of Paleozoic Arachnida. By
Samuel H. Scudder 13
IV. On the Development of some Pelagic Fish Eggs. — Preliminary
Notice. By Alexander Agassiz and C. O. Whitman . 23
V. The External Morphology of the Leech. By C. O. Whitman 76
VI. On the Anatomy and Histology of Aulophorus Vagus. By
Jacob Eeighard . 88
VII. Descriptions of New Species of Camharus ; to which is added a Synonymical List of the known Species of Camharus and Astacus. By Walter Faxon 107
VIII. A Method of Measuring the Absolute Sensitiveness of Photo- graphic Dry Plates. By William H. Pickering . . . 159
IX. On the Reduction of Camphor to Borneol. By C Loring
Jackson 163
X. Dictyoneura and the Allied Insects of the Carboniferous
Epoch. By Samuel H. Scudder 167
IV CONTENTS.
PAGE
XI. The " Taconic Syatem,^^ and its Position in Straligraphic
Geology. By Jules IMarcou 174
XII. Contributions to the Botany of North America. By Asa
Gray 257
XIII. Notes on some Species of Gymnosporanyium and Chrysomyxa
of the United States. By W. G. Farlow 311
XIV. Contributions to American Botany. By Skreno Watson . 324
XV. An Examination of the Standards of Length constructed by
the Societe Ge'nevoise. By W. A. Rogers 079
XVI. A Method of Filtration by Means of Easily Soluble and
Easily Volatile Fillers. By F. A. Goocii 390
XVIT. Observations of Variable Stars in 1884. By Edward C.
PlCKERI>fG 393
XVIII. A Photographic Study of the Nebula of Orion. By Edward
C. Pickering 407
XIX. Relation between Superficial Energy and Thermo-Electricity.
By Charles Bingham Penrose 417
XX. On the Separation of Titanium and Aluminum, icith a Note
on the Separation of Titanium and Iron. V>y F. A. GoocH 435
XXI. Atmospheric Electricity. By Alexander McAdie and
Austin L. McRae 448
XXII. The Effect of Temperature on the. Magnetic Permeability of Iron and Cobalt. By John Trowbridge and Austin L. McRae 462
XXIII. Photography of the Infra-Red Region of the Solar Spectrum.
By William II. Pickering 473
XXIV. Methods of Determining the Speed of Photographic Exposers.
By William H. PIckering 478
XXV. Principles involved in the Construction of Photographic
Exposers. By William II. Pickering 483
CONTENTS. V
PAGE
XXVI. On a New Method for Determining the Mechanical Equiva- lent of Heat. By A. G. Webster 490
XXVII. A Standard of Light. By John Trowbridge .... 494
Proceedings 501
Memoirs: —
Henry Lawrence Eustis 513
Edvrard Jarvis 519
Alpbeus Spring Packard 522
Benjamin Silliman 523
George Benthani 527
Mark Pattison 539
List of the Fellows and Foreign Honorary Members . . 541 Index 549
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY
OF
ARTS AND SCIENCES.
VOL. XX. PAPERS READ BEFORE THE ACADEMY.
I.
A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS OXYTROPIS, DC.
By Asa Gray.
Communicated May 14th, 1884.
In the sixth volume of the Proceedings of the American Academy (1863), as an appendix to a revision oi Astragalus^ I made an attempt to classify and characterize our comparatively few species of Oxytropis. In the autumn of 1880, I compared our own materials with those in the Kew herbarium, but, unfortunately, without knowing of Bunge's Species Generis Oxytropis, which was communicated to the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg in November, 1873, and pub- lished in its 3Iemoires, Ser. VII. Vol. XXII., in 1874. Bunge cites my notes, but he had not the means for clearing up the obscurities. Even now, after some examination of most of the originals, I can only par- tially remove them. But the subjoined synopsis n?ay fairly represent our present knowledge.
OXYTROPIS, DC.
§ 1. Caulescens, nunc subcaulescens ; stipulis inter se et a petiolo libe- ris : legumen uniloculare calycem longe superans. — Subgen. Pha- coxytropis § Mesogace, Bunge. 1. O. DEFLEXA, DC. 0. foUolosa,Y{o6k. (0. foliosa, in Torr. &
Gray, Fl.), forma subacaulis. — Saskatchewan, and along the Rocky
Mountains to S. Colorado. (N. Asia.)
VOL. XX. (N. S. XII.) 1
2 PROCERDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
§ 2. Acaulescens vel subcaulescens ; caudicibus multicipitibus conferte foliosis, stipulis petiolo aduatis : folia simpliciter piniiata.
* Legumen calyce fructifero ovato-globoso vesicario prorsus iiiclusum, ovatum, uuiloculare : pedunculi debiles 1-2-flori, — § Physocahjx, Nutt. § Calycophysce, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 234. Subgeu. Physoxytropis, Bunge, Oxytr. 161.
2. O. MULTiCEPS, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 341. — Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Nuttall, in fruit only.
Var. MINOR. Pulvinato-cicspitosa, depressa; foliolis minoribus lin. 1-3 longis. — 0. miiUiceps, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad., 1863, 61 ; Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 234. — Alpine region of the Rocky INIountains, S. Wyoming and Colorado, Parry, Hall S)- Harbour, Vasey, Coulter, &c. Leaflets about half the size of those of Nuttall's original, and fruiting calyx rather smaller. No quite intermediate specimens have yet been found.
* * Legumen calyce fructifero repleto vel hinc fisso parum longius, tur- gidum, pubescens, sutura ventrali introflexa semi-bilocellatum : scapi folia superantes, capitato-pluri- vel pauci-flori : plantai albo-sericeaj, spithama?a3 : flores ultra semipollicares, bracteis majusculis.
3. O. NANA, Nutt, 1. c. Pube adpressa argenteo-sericea ; foliolis 3-4-rarius 6-jugis angusto-lanceolatis ; corolla purpurea vel pallida ; legumine turgido-oblongo subcoriaceo, apice acuminato e calyce fruc- tifero tenuiter villoso distento sed integro parum exserto. — Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, on stony hills along the branches of the Platte, Nuttall, Geyer, the latter under the name of 0. multiceps in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. N. W. Wyoming, Parry, no. 01 & 9f>, along with a larger form, with the inflorescence in fruit sometimes oblong ; the same collected by Dr. Foricood. S. Montana, S. Watson, who notes that the flowers are "deep pink." This may be 0. argen- tata of Pursh. Fl. 473.
4. O. Lagopus, Nutt., Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 17. Pilis laxiori- bus albo-sericea ; foliolis 4-5-jugis lanceolatis vel oblongis ; corolla Icete violacea ; legumine ovato subvesicario fere membranacco obtuse stylo subito rostrato calycem villosissimum mox fissum parum super- ante. — Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Montana, Wyet/i, Howard, Parry (no. 92), Greene, Scrihnnr.
* * ♦ Legumen basi tantum calyce aut integro aut hinc fisso suf-
fultum. ■*- Vesicario-inflatuni membranaceum, ovatum, uniloculare : scapi vel pedunculi debiles, paueiflori, fructiferi mox decumbeutes : herbaj
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 6
nanoe, casspitoso-depressae. — § Physocarpce, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 234.
5. O. PODOCARPA, Gray, 1. c. Villosa, mox glabrescens ; folioHs 5-11-jugis liueari-lauceolatis (lin. 3-4-longis) ; pedunculis folia baud superautibus bifloris ; floribus majusculis (liu. 7-8 longis) ; corolla vio- lacea ; legumine amplo (sicpius pollicem longo) lato-ovato puberulo brevi-stipitato, sutura ventral! intrusa. — 0. arctica,vai\ injlata, Hook, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 146. 0. Ballii, Bunge, Oxytr. 162, described from a specimen barely in flower, appears to be of tliis species. — Alpine and subalpiue in tbe Rocky Mountains, from S. Colorado (./. 31. Coulter, Greene, Brandegee, Hall S)- Harbour, &c.) to Britisli America {Drum- moncl, Burke, Bourgeau, Macoun) ; and from Labrador to tlie Aleutian Islands ; but specimens from tbe latter not in fruit, therefore uncertain. The stipe of the legume is variable, sometimes very short, perhaps never quite equalling the calyx.
6. 0. OUEOPHILA. Sericeo-canescens ; foliolis 3-5-jugis lanceolatis oblongisve (lin. 2-4 longis) ; scapis folia plerumque superautibus capi- tato-4-8-floris ; floribus parvulis (lin. 4-5-longis) ; corolla ut videtur purpurea ; legumine baud stipitato oblongo-ovato griseo-pubescente vix semipollicari, sutura ventrali subintrusa. — Mountains of Utah (Aqua- rius Plateau at nearly 10,000 feet, L. F. Ward, in 1875), and on Gray- back Mountain, San Bernardino Co., S. California, at 9,000-12,000 feet, W. G. Wright, Lemmon, in 1879-80.
A possible variety of this, or a related species, with flowers almost immersed in the tufts of foliage, was collected in Rabbit Valley, Utah, by Mr. Ward (uo. 574), but only in blossom.
-1- -i- Legumen obcompressum, lanceolato-oblongum, tenui-chartaceum, sajpius uigricanti-pilosum, suturis utrisque intrusis fere bilocellatum : pedunculi 1-2- (rare 3-) flori, breves vel brevissimi in caudicibus uanis foliosissimis.
7. 0. NiGRESCEXS, Fischer in DC. Prodr. ii. 278. Astragalus nigrescens (large form) & A, pygmceus, Pall. Astrag. t. 53, 54. — Arctic coast, especially on the Asiatic side ; coll. by C. Wright on Arakamtschetchene Island within Behring Strait ; and by J. Muir on Cape Thompson, on the American side.
Var. AUCTOBIA. Pumila, pulvinato-depres?a, albo-villosa ; pedun- culis uniHoris ; pube calycis et leguminis aut griseo-albida aut nigra. — 0. arctica, var., R. Br. in Parry, Voy. 0. arctica, var. minor, Hook, in Parry, 2d Voy. 396, & Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 146. 0. arctohia, Bunge, Oxytr. 114, excl. syn. Nutt. — Arctic sea-coast, coll. Admiral Parry and most later explorers. Evidently passes into 0. nigrescens.
4 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
-»- -)— Legumen fere teres, turgidum, soepius hinc sulcatum, charta- ceum vol coriaceum: scapi sat elongati, 1-4-Hori.
= Foliola plurijnga: legumen angusto-obloiigura, haud stipitatum, soi)to e sutura veiitrali iutroflexo bilocellatum.
8. O. Pakkyi, Sericeo-canescens; foliis scapisque 1-2-floris de- mum spithamasis; foiiolis 7-9-jugis oblongo-lanceolatis lia. 2-3 longis ; calyce brevi griseo-pubescente, dentibus tubo campanulato aiquiloiigo : legumine (liu. 5-6 longo) hinc profunde sulcato pube brevi griseo. — Rocky Mountains of Northern New Mexico and Colorado, near the limit of trees, Parry^ Hall S^ Harbour, Greene, with mature fruit in July : flowers not seen. Was named by me 0. arctica in Hall &, Harbour's collection, no. 143, and 0. Uralensis, var. pumila, in Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 235, and 0. Lagopxis, Nutt., was wrongly referred to it. From the references this would seem to be the plant described as 0. arclica by Bunge, Oxytr. 97, but his character does not accord with Hall & Harbour's specimens, which want the flowers, and are very different from Brown's plant (which I now know). It would seem that Bunge's description was drawn partly from Hall & Harbour's speci- mens, partly from Brown's character of 0. arctica, and partly from that of 0. Lagopus, Nutt., which I had very wrongly adduced to Brown's species.
= = Foliola 4-6-juga, villoso-sericea : legumen ovato-oblongum, haud stipitatum, semibilocellatum, cum calyce sa^pius uigricanti-pubescens: scapi folia superantes, capitato-2-5-flori.
9. O. AUCTiCA, R. Br. App. Parry Voy. 278 (non 309) ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1. c, excl. /3 & S. 0. Uralensis, var. arctica, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 594. Probably also 0. Uralensis, var. pumila, Ledeb. 1. c. — Arctic sea-coast, coll. first in Admiral Parry's voyage, also by Richard- son and by later arctic explorers. Certainly not a form of 0. Uralen- sis; the stipules destitute of the nervation of that sj^ecies, having only a midnerve and one or two recurving veins. Plant quite unlike the forms of 0. nigrescens and 0. podocarpa, which have been referred to it.
==== = Foliola aut 3-5, aut solitaria; legumen obi on go-ova turn, brevi-stipitatum, nigricanti-pubescens, sutura ventrali intruj^a vix semi-bilocellatum : scapi folia superantes, 1-4-flori.
10. O. Mertensiana, Turcz., Ledeb., Bunge, Oxytr. 116. — I have fruiting specimens of this from Arakamtschetchene Island, on the Asi- atic side, within Behring Strait, collected by C. Wright. From my notes made in the Kew herbarium, I am disposed to consign to it, rather than to 0. arctica, the specimens referred to the latter species by Seemann
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 5
(Bot. Herald, 28), collected by him at Cape Lisburne, on the Ameri- can side, in flower only. Captain Pullen's plant, collected west of Cape Bathurst, seemed to be the true 0. arctica, R. Br. ^— -I— -(— H— Legumen fere teres, turgidum, hinc vel utrinque sulcatum, chartaceum vel coriaceum : scapi capitato- vel spicato-pluriflori, folia plurifoliolata jequantes vel superantes : stipulte in uostris uninervise, rarius apice acuminate subtrinervia3. Species perdifficiles. -H- Aut pube villosa aut glandulis sessilibus pi. m. viscosa, saltern calyces: foliola vel glabella vel villosa mox glabrata, viridia, nun- quam sericea: legumen oblongum, baud stipitatum, tenui-cbartaceum, sutura ventrali iutroflexa semi- vel sub-bilocellatum.
11. O. visciDA, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 341. Floribus in capitulum oblongum demumve spicam tripollicarem congestis ; calyce brevi-campanulato pilis albidis vel griseis villoso; legumine parvulo (lin. 3-5 longo) tantura puberulo stylo recto tenui-rostrato. — Rocky Mountains, from the British Possessions to Colorado and N. Nevada; common in Wyoming. The small projecting glands which give the viscidity are sometimes conspicuous on petioles, scapes, bracts, and calyx, and even on the legume, but in many dried specimens they are hardly to be detected. Flowers about 5 lines long : corolla probably not ochroleucous, sometimes apparently white with either the tip of the keel or lamina of wings and standard violet. The species is well represented by no. 89 of Parry's N. W. Wyoming collection ; also by his no. 88, in flower only, and by no. 292 of Watson's collection m King's Exploration. Northward it was collected by Bourgeau (dis- trib. as 0. campestns?), and by Macouu, at Bow River Pass.
12. O. LEUCANTHA, Pers. Syn. ii. 331 ; Bunge, Oxytr. 111. 0. horecdls, & 0. leucantha, DC. Capitulo etiam fructifero brevi parum oblongo; calyce oblongo-campanulato pilis nigris albidisque villoso; legumine ventricoso |-pollicari nigricanti-villoso stylo mox recurvato rostrato. — Specimens of this from C. Wright's collection on Arakamt- schetchene Island, on the Asiatic side of Behring Strait, have been so named by Bunge, and they accord with the figure of Astragalus leiican- thus in Pall. Astrag. t. 47. Not a good name, th^ corollas being, as in the figure, well suffused with violet. Stouter forms of it were col- lected by Seemann on the American side, perhaps white-flowered; and a form with white-haired calyx was collected at Cape Thompson, &c. by Muir. A part of 0. campestris of Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. must also be of this species. Although placed among the glandular-viscid species by Bunge, the glandulosity is obscure, and in some specimens not apparent. Occasionally the long hairs of the calyx seem to be viscous.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
++ ++ Nec glandulosa nee viscida : legumen baud vel vix stipitatum.
13. O. CAMPESTKis, L., var. cerulea, Koch. Snepiusnana; foli- olis viridibus, niaturis laxe pubesccntibus vel glabratis parvulis (lin. 3-4 rarius 5-6 longis) ; floribus etiam fructibus capitato-congestis raro in spica laxiuscula paruin dissitis; corolla cajrulea albo-casrulea nunc plane alba semipollicari ; legumiue semipollicari merabranaceo- chartaceo tui'gide ovato sen oblongo semi- vel sub-bilocellato nigri- canti-puberulo. — Northern Maine, Lower Canada, (near Quebec, &c.), and Labrador. These are the only American stations I can cite for 0. campestris, taking that species to comprise 0. sordida. And as our specimens have clear violet or blue corollas, when not pure white (as some few are completely), I adopt Koch's name given to the quite similar form in Eurojoe. The stipules are either simply one-nerved, or some with a triple nerve at the apex, differing in this particular iu the same plant. A slight introflexion of the dorsal suture is apparent in the legumes of the South Labrador specimens collected by Dr. Allen.
14. 0. MONTICOLA. Laxe villoso-sericea, nunc subglabrata, spi- thamrea ad pedalem ; foliolis oblongis vel lanceolatis (lin. 3 7 longis); spica obloDga vel cyhndracea etiam fructifera couferta ; corolla aut vioiaceo-purpurea aut ochroleuca vix semipollicari; legumine ovato- oblongo recte acuminate membranaceo-chartaceo lin. 4-6 longo aut prorsus uniloculari aut sutura ventrali introflexa semibiloculari pube brevi albido-sericeo calycem campanulatum vix ultra diraidium super- ante. — Northern Rocky Mountams , viz, Wyoming and Montana, Parry, ■ no. 87, Canhij ; Dakota, coll. Jeiinei/, but in flower only. Rocky Mountains ni British Possessions, Bourgeau, with fruit, Li/all, in flower only; and Spy Hill, Macoun, 1879, no. 107, in fruit. Probably some of this species is included m 0. campcstris of Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ; but his var. spicata seems rather to belong to 0. Lamberti. It is more like 0. viscida, Nutt., but is neither glandular nor viscid. Here may l)elong a plant collected by Dull on a rocky talus in front of a glacier at Chugachik Bay, Cook's Lilet, Alaska, in flower only.
1.5. 0. Lambekti, Pursh. Sijithama^a ad sesqiiipedalcm, pube adpressa sa?pius albida vel argentea sericea, quandoque glabrata; foli- olis oblongo-lanceolatis linearibusque lin. 4-16 longis; spica aut brevi- oblonga densiflora aut elongata demum sparsiflora ; floribus sat magnis (majoribus pollicaribus) l»te violaceis vel purpureis vel albis etiam sulphureis ; legumine coriaceo oblongo sub-bilocellato sericco-puberulo (stipite aut plane nuUo aut brevissimo) nunc semipollicari tnrgido calycem baud ultra dimidium superante nunc subpullicari magis ex-
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES. 7
serto. — Sims, Rot. Mng. t. 2148; Lindl. Bot. Rgs. t. 1054; both good figures- 0. Lamherti, sericea, Plattensis, & Hookeriann, Nutt. ill Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 339, 340. — Plains of the Saskatchewan and IMiimesota to W. Texas and New Mexico, west to Montana, British Columbia, Utah, &c. The yellowish-flowered and the purple or violet forms often growing side by side.
Var, SERICEA ( 0. sericea, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c.) is some- times well marked, as a robust form, with broader leaflets (from lance- olate to oblong, and 3 or 4 lines wide), and cylindraceous legumes nearly or quite an inch long ; the pubescence of the leaflets very silky : but these characters very variable. It abounds from the mountains of Wyoming to those of Texas and Arizona, and to the eastern borders of California. A form with slender legumes passes into
Var. BiGELOVii. Legumes distinctly stipitate in the calyx, slender (an inch long, including the style, only 2 lines in diameter), minutely puberulent under a lens, very thin-coriaceous : leaves narrow, green and glabrate. — 0. Lamberti, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 80. — On the Upper Canadian River, in Colorado? Bigelow.
§ 3. Acaulescens; stipulis petiolo adnatis; scapis spicigeris : folia verti- cillato-pinnata, nempe foliolis pluribus quasi in fasciculis sen verticillis ordinatis. — § Verticillares, DC.
16. O. SPLEXDENS, Dongl. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-=Am. i, 147, cum var. vestita & var. Richardsonii (0. oxyphylla, Richards, nou PalL). Nitenti- (stepius argenteo-) sericeo-villosa : legumine ovato sutura dor- sali parum ventraii longe introflexa bilocellato calyce villosissimo longe augusteque 5-dentato demum hinc fisso fere incluso. — Subarctic Brit- ish America to the Rocky Mountains, from Montana to Colorado and northern part of New Mexico. The specimens of Richardson, in which, according to Sir William Hooker, the fruit greatly exceeds the calyx in length, should be re-examined. In all ours the legume is as described above: and the beak of the keel is not so very short as Buuge describes it.
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
n.
NOTES ON SOME NORTH AINIERICAN SPECIES OF
SAXIFRAGA.
By Asa Gray.
Communicated June 11th, 1884.
Saxifraga peltata, Torr. Peltiphyllum, Engler, is an appro- priate name for tliis very distinct section, which certainly connects Sergenia of Moench with the true Saxifrages. Apart from the very thick and much-creeping rhizome, which is that of Bergenia exaf^orer- ated, and the huge peltate leaves, which are peculiar, the section is marked by its roundish and rotately spreading and promptly deciduous petals, reflexed calyx, and comparatively large (a line long) and loose- coated seeds. As to the distinction made by Engler, that the flowers of Bergenia are protogynous and those of Saxifraga protaudrous, I remark that, while most plants of S. peltata are protandrous, some of our native specimens are either truly protogynous in the sense that their anthers are later than the stigmas, or their stamens are reduced in size and probably in efficiency, that is, the flowers show a ten- dency to be gyno-dioecious. Engler's mistake in placing his section Peltiphyllum under a division with capsule dehiscent only at the upper part, has been corrected in the Botanical Magazine and in the Botany of California. His " rhizoma crassiusculum " is not much improved by "rootstock as thick as the thumb" in the Botanical Magazine. Even in cultivation, with us it attains the diameter of " from two to three inches." The divisions of the calyx are neither erect, nor shorter than the tube, but reflexed in anthesis and very much longer than the tube, if tube the consolidated base can be called. Bentham described the petals as marcescent, and Torrey as persistent ; but in fact they are early deciduous. The absence of bracts was noted by Bentham, and is used as a sectional character by Engler. But bracts subtending the branches of the panicle do occasionally occur, just as they do in the section Bergenia. The carpels in our cultivated plant are turgid in fruit, just as in Dr. Torrey 's figure, but commonly more elongated.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 9
Saxifraga ranunculifolia, Hook. "We now know this species, it having been rediscovered by Dr. Macoun in the Yale Mountains on Frazer River in British Columbia, in 1875, on the south side of Mount Paddo (Adams), Washington Territory, by Mr. Howell in 1882, and even on Spanish Peak of the Sierra Nevada in California, in 1878, by Mrs. Austin. As it multiplies by granular bulblets in the axils of the radical leaves, and is in other respects congruous with the section Neph-ophyllum, it ought to be referred to that group, notwithstanding its complete anomaly in having peutandrous flowers ; and the section Isomeria should be abolished. That was an incongru- ous assemblage of the Saxifrage now under consideration with two spe- cies oi Boyki)ua and the SulUvantia (genera which may be maintained), along with the decandrous S. Jamesii, Torr. (not " Jamesiaua"), the proper place of which in the. genus is still to seek.
Of the species which in Dr. Engler's monograph are brought to- gether in his section Boraphila the following may here be noted.
Saxifraga Tolm.ei, Torr. & Gray, is not particularly related to any of the species with which it is associated in Engler's monograph.
Saxifraga stellaris, L., and S. leucanthemifolia, Michx., species with lanceolate, acute, unguiculate, and mostly unequal petals, are of uncertain limitation as respects the forms in N. W. America. The true S. leucanthemifolia of the Alleghany Mountains seems thoroughly well-marked, and has no tendency to bear propagating bulblets in the inflorescence. More probably the var. Brunoniana of Bongard and Engler belongs to S. stellaris. Engler's var. integrifolia, of California, is certainly
Saxifraga bryophora, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 533 (1863), and a distinct species, nearer to S. stellaris.
The remaining species, with obtuse as well as equal petals, so far as they are North American, may be discriminated by means of the following key. The series ends with a peculiar California species, recently discovered, which may be apjiended to this group.
1. No creeping rootstocks, not bulbilliferous, no cordate or naked-petioled
leaves . scape and leaves from a short caudex.
Inflorescence au interrupted spiciforra thyrsus, with conspicuous leafy
bracts. S. hkracifolia.
Inflorescence narrowly thyrsiform or reduced to capituliform, not foliaceous-
bracteate : flowers clustered, sessile or sliort-pedicelled.
Low: leaves mostly dentate; calyx-lobes barely spreading. S. nivalis.
Taller; leaves entire or denticulate r calyx lobes reflexed in fruit, broad,
Shorter than the conspicuous petals. S. int&irifolia.
About equalling the inconspicuous petals. S. Pennsylvanica.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Inflorescence effusely elongated-paniculate: small flowers slender-peJicelled ; scapes 2 or 3 feet high, the branches commonly subtended by leafy bracts: calyx reflexed : leaves ample, thin, Denticulate, oval to elongated oblong, 4 to 8 inches long: filaments filiibrm. S. Forbesii.
Acutely and unequally dentate, oblong-lingulate, often a foot long : fila- ments clavato-dilated. 5. erosa. Inflorescence corymbiform- or paniculatecymose, open when evolute : plants mostly low and scape naked : leaves thickish, short and broad, not dis- tinctly cuneate-attenuate at base, either dentate or only repand. Calyx erect or barely spreading after anthesis : pedicels of the dichoto- mal and pseudo-lateral flowers short, mostly shorter than the calyx : filaments filiform-subulate. Petals pale rose-color. S. eriophora. Petals white. 5. Virginiensis. Calyx reflexed in or after anthesis, almost free : pedicels all slender anil longer than calyx : filaments disposed to be upwardly dilated, some- times conspicuously so. .S". rcjlexa.
2. Rhizomatose, the rootstock herbaceous and commonly slender : plants not
bulbilliferous. Leaves roundish or oval, dentate, mostly abruptly (truncately or even sub- cordatcly) contracted into margined petioles : flowers small and numerous in an eflTuse compound panicle; its branches and pedicels divergent: petals more or less bimaculate.
Calyx barely spreading : filaments filiform. 5. Careyana.
Calyx reflexed: filaments clavately dilated. S. CaroUniana.
Leaves cuneate and attenuate into margined petioles or contracted base,
above incisely dentate.
Calyx erect or barely spreading : filaments slender : flowers small and
numerous : leaves flabelliforin-cuneate. 6\ Dahurica.
Calyx reflexed : capsule often 3-5-carpellary.
Filaments slender : capsule short and turgid : stj'lcs hardly any : flowers comparatively large and few, siiort-pedicelled : leaves cu- neate and short petioled. S. Unalaschensis. Filaments, or some of them, dilated upward: capsule narrower and longer, more styliferous • leaves more narrowly cuneate and more petiolate. S. Lynlli. Leaves mostly round-reniform, coarsely dentate, on long and naked or barely margined petioles,
Small, usually rather flabelliform than reniform, 3-91obulate : petioles, scape (a span high, with few flowers in a loose corymbiform cyme), and rootstocks filiform : calyx erect : filaments filiform. S. nndicnnlis. Larger, 7-27-lohulate-dentate : scape a span to a foot high : inflores- cence tiiyrsoidly paniculate or in dwarf forms condensed: creeping rootstock thicker: calyx reflexed in fruit: filaments mostly dilated upward. S. punctata.
3. Not rhizomatose, but a scaly-bulbous crown, formed of the dilated-scarious
bases of the long petioles, and producing fleshy bulblets in their axils : inflorescence also bulbilUferous : leaves and flowers nearly of the last preceding species. S. Mettensiana.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 11
4. Ligneous-rliizomatose and caespitose : leaves cuneate, lineate-veined, and rounded summit coarsely dentate, on slender wholly naked petioles of the length of the blade : inflorescence narrowly paniculate : calyx-lobes reflexed : filaments slender : seeds cylindraceous. S. /lagarioidts.
Saxifraga hieracifolia, Waldst. & Kit., we have on this con- tinent only on the Arctic coast.
Saxifraga Forbesii, Vasey, in the American Entomologist and Botanist (St. Louis, 1870), p. 288, is a quite distinct and local spe- cies, fouud only on shaded cliffs near Makanda in Southern Illinois, by Mr. S. A. Forbes. The founder compares it with S. Virginiensis, which grows also upon rocks , but it is more like aS'. erosa, which grows in and along mountain brooks.
Saxifraga eriophora, S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 372, is described from specimens collected in the Santa Cataliua Motin- taius of Arizona, in the year 1881, by Mr. and Mrs. Lemmon. It is nearest to S. Virginiensis ; and the woolliuess on the leaves, which suggested the name, hardly appears upon one of the two specimens.
Saxifraga Virginiensis, Michx. (which Linnaeus confounded with S. nivalis), is now better known and defined, the high northern and far western species which has been confounded with it being discriminated from it. S. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad., 1861, ■ibo, can only be referred to S. Virginiensis, nothing in the character excluding it, and apparently no specimen is extant.
Saxifraga reflexa, Hook, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i. 249, t. 85. This is now substantially identified, and may be distinguished from S. Vir- giniensis by the characters assigned in the above synoptical view ; viz. the slender pedicels, reflexed calyx, and the commonly dilated or clavate filaments. The original is Arctic American, but it occurs in the northern part of the Rocky Mountains, thence to British Colum- bia, and southward along the Cascades and Sierra Nevada, throughout California even to its southern borders, where it has been confounded with S. Virginiensis. Mr. Muir collected it in Arctic Alaska ; and in Eastern Asia it is well represented by S. Sachalinensis, Fr. Schmidt, Fl. Sachal. 133, which answers to Hooker's figure, while S. Tilingiana, Regel, Fl. Ajan. 94, appears to be a form with more petiolate and less dentate leaves, which may be matched by Californian specimens.
Saxifraga Daiiurica, Pall, (retaining Pallas's orthography), now that we rightly identify it, cannot claim a place in the N. Amer- ican flora ; but it may be expected in Arctic Alaska, for Charles Wright collected specimens of it (along with some of S. Lyalli) on an island upon the Asiatic side within liehrinir Strait. We have it from Ajan in Tiling's collection.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Saxifraga Unalaschensis, Sternb. Saxifr. Suppl. ii. 9, which Engler appends to S. Dahurica, ia an Aleutian and Arctic Alaskan species, recently collected by Dall and by Muir, also by Dr. Steiueger at Copper Island on the Asiatic side. It must also be S. flahelUfolia^ R. Brown in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 569.
Saxifraga Lyalli, Engler, Mouogr. Saxifr. 141, a well-marked species, of the northern Rocky Mountains, found also by C. Wright on the Asiatic side of Behring Strait.
Saxifraga nudicaulis, Don, Monogr. Saxifr. 366. Tliis is S. neglecta. Bray in Sternb. Saxifr. Suppl. i. 9, ii. 36, as well as S. vaginalis, Turcz. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 220. Don's plant was col- lected by Nelson, probably iu Arctic Alaska (as the name is now used), and Menzies collected it in the same region. Our specimens (coll. Dall and C. Wright) are from the Asiatic shore and islands, and from Ajan, by Tiling. Don's name and that in Sternberg were pub- lished in the same year (1822); but, as Don's memoir was " Read, Feb. 20, 1821," we may perhaps assume some priority in publication.
Saxifraga punctata, L. (with synonymy as detailed by Engler), is an unmistakable species. But it passes by many gradations into
Var. NANA, an Arctic form, also high alpine iu the more northern Rocky JNIountaius, with scape barely a span high, bearing a simple and small cyme or a close glomeriile of few flowers, the leaves much reduced in size and only 7-Il-lubulate. This abounds on the coast of Arctic Alaska, within Behring Strait, and answers to »S. Nelsoniaiia, Don, only more dwarfed, and the inflorescence condensed ; so that no one would refer it to S. punctata, except for the intermediate forms. Burke collected a similar form on the higher Rocky Mountains.
Var. ACL'TiDENTATA, Engler, is founded on a plant of Lyall's col- lection from " Cascade Mountains, South Clear Creek." A specimen in our herbarium which agrees with the character is ticketed '* Rocky Mountains, hit. 49°, at 6,500 feet alt." It is a lai-ge form, with the slightly cordate base of the leaves abruptly decurrent into a partly winged petiole, the numerous teeth unusually coarse and acute : and some smaller leaves from the rootstock are cuneate.
Saxifraga fragarioides, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club. viii. 121 (1881), a most peculiar species, is one of Mr. Pringle's discoveries, in the northern part of California, on a high mountain west of Mt. Shasta. " The leaves," as Mr. Greene states, " are a most precise imitation of the leaflets of the common Wild Strawberry, both as regards their form, color, texture, and even size." The scape is foliose- bracteate, and the lignescent tufted rootstocks are peculiar.
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES. 13
III.
A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF PALEOZOIC ARACHNIDA.
By Samuel H. Scudder.
Communicated June 11th, 1884.
Until a very recent period discoveries of fossil Arachnida in the older rocks had been exceedingly few, and the first and only at- tempt to show their relations to each other and to living forms was made in a recent paper by Karsch,* occasioned by his description of a new generic type. Yet the first discovery of carboniferous forms dates back to Coixla, who described f a scorpion found by Sternberg at Chomle in Bohemia, a discovery which justly awakened at the time the widest interest.
Karsch, in his brief attempt to bring into connected order the dis- coveries of the past, has established for the bulk of the species which do not belong to the scorpions the order Anthracomarti, divided into two families, the Architarboidn^ and Eophrynoidie.
The following is a succinct account of his arrangement : —
Order 1. ARANE.'E.
Body composed of two principal masses, of which the front (cepha- lothorax) is unsegmented, and the hinder (abdomen), unsegmented beneath, has at the most a single segmented dorsal plate.
Fam. LIPHISTIOIDJE Thor.
Abdomen with segmented dorsum. Protolycosa antJiracophila Roemer (Silesia).
Order 2. OPILIONES.
Body forming either a single mass or two segment-complexes, always separated into segments both above and below.
* Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., 1882, p. 556.
t Verliiiiidl Gesellsch. vaterl Mus. BiJhmen, 1835, p. 35.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Fam. TROGULOIDiE.
Dorsal sc2;ments of the abdomen each with three transverse fields. Palpi and mandibles not visible from above. Kreischeria Wiedei Geinitz (Saxony).
Order 3. ANTHRACOMARTI Karsch.
Body composed of two main divisions, of which the front one is uiisegraented, the hinder segmented. Palpi visible from above.
Fara. ARCIIITARBOID.E Karsch.
Number of abdominal segments equal above and below. Integu- ment smooth.
ARcniTARBDS Scuddcr.
Cephalothorax and abdomen not separated by a lateral constriction. A. roiundatus Scudder (Illinois), A. swioya/Zs Woodward (England), A. silesiacus Roemer (Silesia).
Anthracomartus Karsch.
Cephalothorax and abdomen distinctly separated by a lateral con- striction.
A. Volkelianus Karsch (Silesia).
Fam. EOPHRYNOID^ Karsch.
Number of dorsal and ventral segments of the abdomen unequal, more numerous above. Integument tnberculate.
Eophryiius Prestvicii (Buckl.) Woodward (England).
Order 4. SCORPIOXES.
Body separated into three main divisions, the cephalothorax unseg- mented, the abdomen segmented and furnished with a segmented tail- appendage (pcstahdomen).
Eoscorpius anglicus Woodward (England), E. cnrhonarius Meek and Worthen (Illinois), Microlahis Sternbergi Corda (Bohemia), O/- ch)j)h thai inns senior Corda (Bolicinia), 3Iazonia Woodiana Meek and Worthen (Illinois).
Whilt! justified in the main in this arrangement, Karsch's definitions of the groups are both insufiicient, and to some extent based on alto- gether subordinate characteristics. The discovery of new American
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 15
forms enables me to supplement, and, as I believe, to improve these, and accordingly the following systematic sketch of paleozoic Arach- nida has been prepared, into which have been thrown such suggestions and new facts as have come to hand.
Order ANTHRACOMARTI Karsch.
Body more or less depressed, the cephalothorax and abdomen dis- tinctly separable. Ceplialothorax frequently made up in large part of pedigerous segments more or less wedge-shaped, and visible ai)ove as well as below, the arrangement of wliich corresponds to that of the coxae. The abdomen forms a single mass, and is composed of a variable number of visible segments, ranging from four to nine. Palpi not much longer than the legs, simply terminated.
Fara. ARTHROLYCOSID^. Harger.
Cephalothorax orl)icular, twice as large as the abdomen. Coxre radiating from a central pit. Abdomeu oval, much narrower at base than the cephalothorax, with no longitudinal sculpturing, and com- posed of seven segments. No abdominal appendages.
Arthroltcosa Ilarger.
Arthrolycosa antiqua Harger, Amer. Journ. Sc. Arts, (3,) vii. 219- 223 (fig.), 1874. Mazon Creek, Illinois.
In his description of tliis arachnid, Ilarger inclines to the belief that the terminal segment of the palpus is chelate. He says (loc. cit.) : " The third [joint] is broken near its 2:)roximal articulation, and the connection of this appendage with what seems to be its distal cheliform segment is unfortunately imperfect. This segment is also poorly pre- served, and the articulation of its digit is only to be seen with a good magnifier and in a certain light. ... I do not, however, consider the forcipiilate character of this segment beyond a doubt. It is jierhaps not improbable that it may have been modified much as in the males of ordinary spiders, and not truly forcipulate."
Having reason, by its undoubted relationship to other forms of Anthracomarti, to doubt the forcipulate character of the palpus, of which Harger speaks so doubtfully. Professor Marsh kindly permitted me to study the type in Yale College Museum, and I find on close examination that not only is the joint in question not chelate, but it terminates by a straight, transverse suture, and is followed by a por- tion of another, apparently short, terminal joint.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Fam. P0LI0CHERID7E nov. fam.
Cephalothorax quadrate, not much smaller than the abdomen. Coxre radiating (apparently) from a median line. Abdomen rounded, of equal breadth with the cephalothorax, with very indistinct or no longitudinal sculpturing, and composed of only four segments, of which the basal is very short. IS'o abdominal appendages.
PoLiocnERA nov. gen.
Cephalothorax scarcely longer than broad, slightly narrowing an- teriorly, the front square. Legs stout, moderately long. Abdomen full, at base as broad as the cephalothorax, broadening slightly behind, fully rounded, the first segment about one third the length of the others, which are equal.
Poliocliera jmnctidnta nov. sp. Body minutely, deeply and uni- formly punctate throughout, excepting on the narrow first abdominal segment, which is smooth. Legs similarly punctate. Length 15 mm., greatest breadth 7.5 mm. Mazon Creek, Illinois (R. D. Lacoe, No. 1845). A fuller description and figure will be given at another time.
Fam. ARCrilTARBOID.E Karsch.
Cephalothorax of variable form, but at least half as large as the abdomen. Coxa? radiating from a middle point or line, or from a tri- angular sternal piece, its base on the abdominal margin. Abdomen orbicular or oval, at base as broad or nearly as broad as the cephalo- thorax, with a lateral ridge on each side converging toward the anus, the surface moderately smooth ; segments seven to nine in number, the basal ones visible below, though often extremely shortened in the middle ; no abdominal appendages.
Geraphrynus nov. gen.
Cephalothorax fusiform, angulated in front, nearly as large as the abdomen. Coxa? radiating from a median line. Palpi slenderer than the legs, longer than the cephalothorax, springing from its extreme front and of uniform size tiiroughout. Abdomen subfusiform, com- posed of nine segments, rounded behind, with no constriction at the base ; a large triangular post-thoracic plate, crowding the middle of the first five short segments out of a straight transverse line. Readily distinguished from Architarbus by its produced and angulate cephalo- thorax.
Geraphrynus carbonarius nov. sp. Cephalothorax faintly punctu-
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES. 17
late, its posterior portion and the post-thoracic plate more distinctly, while the abdomen is profusely and rather sparingly punctate. Length 20 mm. Greatest breadth 10 mm. Mazon Creek, 111. (Coll. R. D. Lacoe, No. 1701.) A fuller description and figure will be given at another time.
The specimen is interesting as preserving very completely the left palpus.
Architarbus Scudder.
Cephalothorax orbicular, broadly rounded in front, much smaller than the abdomen, but not separated from it by a marked lateral con- striction. Coxo3 radiating from a central pit. Abdomen oval, com- posed of nine segments, of which those on the basal half are very much shorter than the others, and on the dorsal surface are forced still more closely together by the larg-e post-thoracic plate.
Architarbus rotundatus Scudder, Worth, (ieol. 111., iii. 568, fig. 4^ 1868. Mazon Creek, 111.
Architarbus subovalis Woodward, Geol. Mag., ix. 385-387, pi. 9, fig. 1% l"*, 1872. Lancashire, England. Here probably belongs Curculioides Ansticii Buckl. Geol., ii. 76, pi. 46", fig. 1, 1837. Coalbrookdale, England.
Architarbus silesiacus Roemer, Jahresb. schles. Gesellscb. vaterl. Cult., Ivi. 54, 55, 1879. Glatz, Silesia.
Anthracomartds Karsch.
Cephalothorax quadrate, the front square or scarcely convex, about half the size of the abdomen ; coxa3 radiating from a broad triangular sternal plate, the base of which forms the posterior margin. Sides of the body constricted so as to show a distinct though generally slight separation of cephalothorax and abdomen. Abdomen orbicular, com- posed of seven segments of similar length throughout.
Anthracomarfus Volkelianus Karsch, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ge- sellsch., 1882, pp. 556-561, pi. 21, figs. 1, 2. Neurode, Silesia.
Anthracomarfus Krejcii Kusta. Sitzungsb. bcihm. Gesellsch. Wiss.? October 12, 1883, pi., figs. 1-3, 1883. Rakonitz, Bohemia.
Anthracomartus tri/obiius nov. sp. Sides of the cephalothorax an- gulated in the middle of the posterior half, behind which it narrows rapidly, showing a very marked constriction between it and the abdo- men. The latter of equal length and width, broadest behind the middle, and furnished with a marginal flange nearly as broad as the lateral fields. Whole body delicately and uniformly punctate. Length 17.5 mm.; greatest width 11.25 mm. Fayetteville, Ark.
VOL. XX. (n. S. XII.) 2
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
This interesting species was found in some abundance by Rev. F. S. Harvey in the subconglomerate coal measures about six miles north- east of Fayetteville. It differs from all the other species in the remarkable posterior narrowing of the cephalothorax. A fuller de- scription and figure will be given at another time.
Anthracomartus jmstidatus nov. sp. Cephalothorax narrowing some- what forward. Abdomen longer than broad, oval, broadest in the middle, the longitudinal ridges converging regularly and considerably in straight lines, the whole surface of body closely covered with very irregularly polygonal sunken cells, giving the whole body a pustulate appearance. Length la mm. ; greatest breadth 7.5 mm. ISIazon Creek, 111.
This sjiecies was received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe (No. 1752), and differs conspicuously in its rough surface structure from all other species. A fuller description is deferred.
Fam. EOPHRYNOIDiE Karsch.
Cephalothorax quadrate, narrowing strongly in front, or triangular, less than one third the size of the