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TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
UITGEGEVEN DOOR
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING
| Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 113, 1970 |
Afleveringen 1—3 verschenen 29 mei 1970 4 > 10 augustus = 5—6 us 17 november _,, 79 21 december ,,
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INHOUD VAN DEEL 113
Belle, J. — On the Neotropical Gomphidae of Longinos Naväs .
Bleszynski, S. — New genera and species of tropical Crambinae (Studies of the Crambinae, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Part 48) .
——, — A revision of the Oriental species of the genus Ancylolomia Hübner (Studies on the Crambinae, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Part 49) .
——, — A revision of the genus Cwlladia Moore (Studies on the Crambinae, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Part 50)
Cobben, R. H. — Morphology and taxonomy of Intertidal Dwarf-bugs (Hetero- ptera, Omaniidae fam. nov.) . 5 N EN EN a
Diakonoff, A. — Notes on the Ceracini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) . Hollander, J. den. — Morphological variation in Pardosa prativaga L. Koch, 1870, P. prativaga var. fulvipes Collett, 1875, and P. pullata Clerck, 1757
(Araneae, Lycosidae) .
Jeekel, C. A. W. — A revision of the Burmese Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale at Genoa (Part II)
Kiriakoff, S. G. — New or less known Indo-Australian Notodontidae (Lepidoptera)
Lempke, B. J. — Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera (Zestiende Supplement) at ARM FEU a Ce ED:
Schmid, F. — Sur quelques Apsilochorema orientaux (Trichoptera, Hydrobiosidae) Register .
Errata
253
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44
61
91
273
289
105
125
261
503
306
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MUS. COMP. ZOOL. LIBRARY.
en, AFLEVERING 1 JUN 171870
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
UITGEGEVEN DOOR
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING
INHOUD
S. BLESZYNSKI |. — New genera and species of tropical Crambinae (Studies on the Crambinae, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Part 48), p. 1—26, Fig. 1—48.
S. BLESZYNSKI |. — A revision of the Oriental species of the genus Ancylolomia Hübner (Studies on the Crambinae, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Part 49), p. 27—43. Fig. 1—33.
S. BLESZYNSKI }. — A revision of the genus Culladia Moore (Studies on the Crambinae, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Pars 50), p. 44—59, Fig. 1—28.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 113, afl. 1 Gepubliceerd 29-V-1970
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NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF TROPICAL CRAMBINAE (STUDIES ON THE CRAMBINAE, LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE, PART 48) by STANISLAW BLESZYNSKI + ABSTRACT
Eleven new genera and 19 new species of tropical Crambinae are described. Thirty-nine new combinations are made and fifteen new synonyms are indicated. One species is transferred from Schoenobiinae to Crambinae. Eleven species described in Crambinae are transferred to other sub- families of Pyralidae.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BM — British Museum (Natural History), London
CSIRO — Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Entomology, Canberra
PM — Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
™ — Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren
SB — Stanislaw Bleszynski
slide — genitalia slide
ZSBM — Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich
Pareromene incisella spec. nov.
Ditomoptera minutalis Hampson, 1893, Ill. Lep. Het. 9: 179 (in part) (type-locality: Ceylon, Nawala Pitia).
Holotype & : “Nawala Pitia, Ceylon; Coll. Green 91—26”, slide 7484-BM (BM).
Similar to Pareromene minutalis, but with termen of forewing deeply incised.
d' genitalia (Fig. 1). Uncus with subapical patch of hairs; gnathos pointed; pars basalis, a long, slender arm with rounded apex; sacculus well demarcated from valva, with two pointed arms; cornuti absent.
The problem of identity of P. minutalis is difficult to clarify. Both syntypes of this species have no abdomens. Hampson figured the © syntype, labelled: “Nawala Pitia, Ceylon; Coll. Green 91-26”, which is hereby selected as lectotype of minutalis. This 9 has the termen of the forewing slightly incised, similar to specimens from India, Khasis, which are generally considered to be minutalis. The 3 syntype has the termen of the forewing deeply incised and obviously is a distinct species; it is hereby selected as paratype of incisella. It is likely that the Khasis specimens are specifically distinct from the lectotype of mznutalis, but this problem can be solved only by the discovery of more material from Ceylon.
2 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970 Pareromene subnatalensis spec. nov.
Type-locality: Natal. Holotype g': “Natal”, slide 7559-BM (BM).
Externally very similar to Pareromene natalensis (Hampson) comb. nov.
d' genitalia (Fig. 2), compared with those of natalensis. Uncus pointed, much thinner; gnathos without the subapical, pointed projection, typical of natalensis; pars basalis finger- shaped (absent in watalensis); one cornutus, whereas natalensis has an apical patch of numerous cornuti.
© unknown.
Euchromius mythus spec. nov.
Type-locality: Madagascar, Diego Suarez. Holotype g': “Diego Suarez” (BM). Paratypes: 3 8, same locality as holotype, one, slide 5428-SB (BM, PM, SB). Externally similar to Ewchromius zephyrus Blesz., distributed in West Africa.
d genitalia (Fig. 3), compared with those of zephyrus. Uncus and gnathos similar; valva very different, with longer and narrower pars basalis, situated horizontally; cucullus tapering to a point, but bilobed in zephyrus; aedeagus much longer; cornutus about four times as long as in that species.
© unknown.
Nechilo gen. nov.
Type-species: Chilo oxyprora Turner.
Ocellus and chaetosemata well developed. Labial palpus porrect, three and a half times as long as diameter of eye. Face strongly conical with corneous point; ventral ridge absent. Eye from below with strong, triangular lamella, not met with in any other species of Crambinae. Male antenna serrate. Wing-venation as in Chilo Zck.; r, in forewing free; cell in hindwing open (closed in Chilo). Forewing with apex rounded, ground-colour brown, subterminal line present, median line absent.
3 genitalia (Fig. 4), uncus and gnathos slender; pseudosaccus strongly reduced, vestigial; saccus large, long; pars basalis present; vinculum small; ductus ejaculatorius from near base of aedeagus.
® unknown.
Nechilo oxyprora (Turner) comb. nov.
Chilo oxyprora Turner, 1904, Proc. R. Soc. Queensland, 18: 167 (type-locality: Australia, Victoria, Murtoa).
Holotype g': “Murtoa L. 952. 24.3.03” (CSIRO). I have examined one & paratype, Victoria, Murtoa, slide 5412-SB (CSIRO). This species was based on two d'.
Neargyrioides gen. nov.
Type-species: Chilo aglaopis Turner.
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48 3
Fig. 1-4. Male genitalia. 1, Pareromene incisella sp.n., holotype, Ceylon. 2, P. subnatalensis sp.n., holotype, Natal. 3, Exchromius mythus sp.n., paratype, Madagascar. 4, Nechilo oxyprora (Turner), paratype, Australia, Victoria
4 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Ocellus large. Chaetosemata present. Face strongly produced forward, rounded. Labial palpus twice as long as diameter of eye, slightly upturned. Male antenna serrate. Fore- wing silvery white, without transverse lines, with costa and dorsum edged with yellow. Wing-venation as in Chzlo, except for cell in the hindwing, which is open; r, in forewing free. Frenulum in 2 triple.
d' genitalia (Fig. 5). Uncus slender with short hairs; gnathos with rounded apex; cucullus narrow with apical part strongly curved; pars basalis a long, narrow hook clothed with bristles; pseudosaccus absent; saccus absent; vinculum with rounded apex; ductus ejaculatorius from near base of aedeagus.
Q genitalia (Fig. 6). Papillae anales broad, coalescent; atrium bursae large, heavily sclerotized, well demarcated from ductus bursae; no signum.
This genus is described for one species, Chilo aglaopis Turner, from Australia, Northern Territory. Externally, it resembles the species of Neargyria Hmps., in which r, in the forewing is stalked with ro, in the & genitalia pseudosaccus is well developed and pars basalis is absent. Another closely related genus is Azstralargyria gen. nov. described below, which is characterized by r, in the forewing stalked with r, and by a bilobed valva.-In spite of a great external similarity of all three genera, it is difficult to conclude whether they are closely related to each other. The external coloration may be due to a convergent development. They are superficially also very similar to the Neo- tropical Argyria Hbn. and Vaxi Blesz., and to the Ethiopian-Oriental Psexdocatharylla Blesz., which belong to different generic groups.
Neargyrioides aglaopis (Turner) comb. nov.
Chilo aglaopis Turner, 1911, Ann. Queensland Mus. 10: 112 (type-locality: Australia, Northern Territory).
Holotype © : “P. Darwin Feb. 08 F. P. Dodd” (CSIRO).
I have examined the < paratype, same locality as holotype, slide P-201 (CSIRO). This species was based on 1 g' and 1 2.
Australargyria gen. nov.
Type-species: Crambus fulvinotellus Hampson.
Ocellus well developed. Chaetosemata very poor. Labial palpus slightly upturned, about three times as long as diameter of eye. Face distinctly conical but without point. Forewing silvery white, without transverse lines, only with some ochreous small spots on costa and on dorsum. In forewing r, stalked with rs, similar to Neargyria Hmps., r; stalked with r,, similar to Crambus F. In hindwing m3 present, cell open; frenulum in 2 triple.
3S genitalia (Fig. 7). Uncus broad with pointed apex; gnathos with terminal part similar to that in some species of Ewchromius Gn.; pars basalis absent; valva bilobed; pseudosaccus absent; saccus fused with vinculum; ductus ejaculatorius as in the preceding genus.
9 genitalia (Fig. 8). Papillae anales of Chilo-type; anterior apophyses short, eighth segment similar to that in many Argyria species; atrium bursae well demarcated from ductus bursae; no signum.
This genus is erected for one species, Crambus fulvinotellus Hmps. It is similar externally to Neargyria and Neargyrioides, but r, in the forewing is stalked with ro,
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48 5
Fig. 5—8. Male and female genitalia. 5, Neargyrioides aglaopis (Turner), &, paratype, North Australia; 6, the same, 9, North Australia; 7, Australargyria fulvinotella (Hmps.), 4, Woodlark Island; 8, the same, @, Sudest Island
6 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
being free in Neargyrioides, and rz in the forewing is stalked with r,, but is free in both Neargyria and Neargyrioides. Distribution: Louisiade Archipelago; Vulcan Is.
Australargyria fulvinotella (Hampson) comb. nov.
Crambus fulvinotellus Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3: 439 (type-locality: Louisiade Archipelago, St. Aignan).
Lectotype 4 (present designation): “St. Aignan, A. S. Meek, 1900-228”, slide 5622- BM (BM).
The collection of the British Museum contains two more syntypes, which are hereby selected as paralectotypes, one g', slide 7747-BM, and one 9, slide 7705-BM, both from St. Aignan Id.
Chilandrus gen. nov. Type-species: Schoenobius chrysistes Meyrick.
Ocellus rather small. Chaetosemata moderate. Labial palpus similar to Chilo. Face produced. Wing venation as in Chilo, r, in forewing coincident with sc. Frenulum of © triple. Forewing yellow or ochreous with pattern reduced, or subterminal line ill- defined.
d' genitalia (Fig. 9). Gnathos with rounded apex (pointed in all species of Chilo); otherwise similar to those in Chilo.
2 genitalia (Fig. 10). Eighth segment (? plus papillae anales) transformed into a peculiar, heavily sclerotized bladder with two long arms; signum present.
This genus is established for one species, Schoenobius chrysistes Meyr. Because of the very peculiar female genitalia I separate it from Chilo.
Distribution: Nepal; India; Burma; Ceylon.
Chilandrus chrysistes (Meyrick) comb. nov.
Schoenobius chrysistes Meyrick, 1933, Exot. Microlep. 4: 377 (type-locality: India, Madras, Goda- vari District, Samalkot).
Holotype ®, December, Rao, slide 7470-BM (BM).
The species was based on 9. Material examined contains a series of specimens from Nepal, Lower Burma, and Ceylon.
Malgasochilo gen. nov.
Type-species: Malgasochilo autarotellus spec. nov.
Ocellus vestigial. Chaetosemata poorly developed. Labial palpus as in Chilo. Antenna in ¢ serrate. Face not protruding forward beyond eye, slightly rounded. In forewing r, and r, free. In hindwing cell closed, mg free from cell; cell very long (Fig. 11). Fore- wing with two transverse lines; subterminal line double, very close to termen; median line ill defined, zigzag. Fringe of forewing shiny in dorsal part.
3 genitalia (Fig. 13). Uncus and gnathos slender, gnathos not curved; pars basalis absent; saccus and pseudosaccus present; juxta plate with two arms.
® unknown.
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48 7
Malgasochilo is described for one species, M. autarotellus spec. nov., from Madagascar. It is close to Chilo, but with straight gnathos. The external appearance is different from that of Chilo, but similar to Autarortis Meyr.
Malgasochilo autarotellus spec. nov.
Type-locality: Madagascar, Nossi-Be, Forêt de Lokobe.
Holotype g': ‘Madagascar Nord, Nossi-Be, Forêt de Lokobe, Alt. 150 m, 3 au 9.IX. 1958, P. Viette”, slide 5236-SB (MP).
The species is described from one g'. Forewing length 12.0 mm; ground-colour dull greyish brown; otherwise as described for the genus.
Chiqua gen. nov.
Type-species: Chiqua eblisella spec. nov.
Ocellus well developed. Chaetosemata slightly developed. Face produced forward, conical, but without point; ventral ridge absent. Labial palpus as in Chzlo. Frenulum in © triple. In forewing r, to, and rg free; in hindwing cell closed and very long; mg free from cell; m, well remote from rr, but not as far in Prionapteryx and allies (Fig. 12). Forewing with two transverse lines. Fringe of forewing shiny in dorsal portion. Hindwing with subterminal line.
d' genitalia (Fig. 14). Uncus and gnathos slender; saccus and pseudosaccus present; pars basalis a lightly sclerotized, small lobe; valva with very dense hairs; juxta long, of complex armature; ductus ejaculatorius as in Chilo.
Q genitalia (Fig. 15). Similar to those in Chilo and Diatraea Guilding; no signum.
This new genus is described for one species, Chiqua eblisella spec. nov., from Bolivia and Peru. It seems to be closely related to Chilo-Diatraea complex, but is distinct by very weak chaetosemata, very long cell in the hindwing, and the external characters of the wings, which are somewhat similar to those in Malgasochilo.
Chiqua eblisella spec. nov.
Type-locality: Bolivia, Sarampiuni.
Holotype & : “Bolivia, Sarampiuni, San Carlos, 1000 m, 30.VIII.1950, leg. W. Forster, Zoolog. Staatsslg. München”, slide 1397-München (ZSBM).
Paratypes: 2 & 1 9, same locality as holotype, 2.IX and 7.IX, slides 5590-SB ¢ and 6215-SB 2 (ZSBM, SB); 2 & Peru, Carabaya, River Huacamayo, 4.VI (G. Ocken- den), slide 11219-BM (BM).
Length of forewing 12.5—14.5 mm; ground-colour of forewing whitish, densely sprinkled with brown scales; median line with distinct projection just below middle of wing.
Eschata smithi spec. nov. Type-locality: Thailand.
Holotype g': “Siam at light lot 43; Siam reference lot 4 no 11 Coll. lot 43; Eschata xanthocera Hmps. det. G. A. Marshall”, slide 7317-BM (BM).
8 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48 9
Paratype g': Thailand, Chiengmai, VIII.1928 (Dr. and Mrs. J. W. McKean), slide 7319-BM (BM).
Externally similar to E. argentata Moore. The second transverse line in forewing close to the first line.
dg genitalia (Fig. 16). Uncus not broadened medially; pars basalis with two finger- shaped processes, one at the middle of costa and the other near the base of costa; juxta with two long arms, each triangularly projected; aedeagus as long as valva plus saccus; no cornutí.
Q unknown.
Distinct from E. argentata and allies by the absence of cornuti, long arms of juxta and two finger-shaped processes of pars basalis.
The species is named in honour of Mr. Arthur Smith, Artist at the British Museum (Natural History), London.
Eschata rembrandti spec. nov.
Type-locality: India, Nilghiris.
Holotype g': “Nilghiris; Moore Coll. 94—106”, slide 7315-BM (BM).
Externally distinct from E. smithi spec. nov. by the position of the second transverse line of the forewing, which is about twice as far from the first line as in smithi. More- over, the cilia of the forewing in rembrandti are silvery along upper two thirds, and golden along lower third, whereas they are golden throughout in smithi. Forewing length 16.0 mm.
d' genitalia (Fig. 17), compared with those in E. smithi. Distinct by very different shape of pars basalis and juxta; pars basalis also with two finger-shaped processes, but caudal process about as long as basal process (much longer in smithi); both processes closely approximated (remote in 572/447); juxta semicircular with two short arms; aedeagus slightly shorter than valva plus saccus.
© unknown.
Eschata rococo SPEC. NOV.
Type-locality: India, Khasis.
Holotype g': “Khasis Nat. Coll”, slide 7316-BM (BM).
Externally similar to E. argentata.
d' genitalia (Fig. 19). Uncus strongly curved and swollen dorsally; gnathos with sub- median projection; pars basalis long, slender; juxta small with two short, tapering arms; aedeagus shorter than valva; long patch of small cornuti.
9 unknown.
Distinct from E. argentata by swollen dorsum of uncus and very small cornuti.
Fig. 9—13. 9, Chilandrus chrysistes (Meyr.), 4 genitalia, Ceylon; 10, Q genitalia, Ceylon; 11, Mal- gasochilo autarotellus sp.n., wing venation; 12, Chiqua eblisella sp.n., wing venation; 13, Malgaso- chilo autarotellus sp.n., & genitalia, holotype, Madagascar
10 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970 Eschata aida spec. nov.
Type-locality: India, Bengal.
Holotype g': “Bengal; Moore Coll. 94—106”, slide 7324-BM (BM).
Externally similar to E. argentata; length of forewing 14.0 mm.
d genitalia (Fig. 18). Uncus arched, dorsum not swollen; gnathos without submedian projection; pars basalis, a short fold; juxta tapering caudad, with two pointed, rather short arms; aedeagus about as long as valva, without cornuti.
2 unknown.
Distinct from E. argentata and allies by not swollen dorsum of uncus, absence of submedian projection of gnathos, folded, short pars basalis, and absence of cornuti.
Calamotropha malgasella spec. nov.
Type-locality: Madagascar, Tananarive.
Holotype 8: ‘Madagascar Centre, Tananarive, 1200 m, Parc de Tsimbazaza, 25.X/ 5.XI.1963, P. Viette”, slide 4163-SB (MP).
Face slightly protruding forward beyond eye, rounded. Antenna deeply serrate. Length of forewing 15.0 mm; ground-colour of forewing glossy brown; discal dot very distinct; median dot absent; subterminal line poorly traceable; median line absent.
d genitalia (Fig. 20). Uncus bowed; gnathos slightly longer than uncus, with apex rounded; pars basalis absent; cucullus rather heavily sclerotized, produced as a strong spine; another sharp, smaller spine from inner side of valva, near apex; cornuti absent.
© unknown.
Externally, C. malgasella resembles C. torpidella (Z.) and C. anticella (Walk.). In genitalia, this species is distinct by pointed, produced cucullus, subapical spine and the absence of the cornuti. i
Pseudocatharylla berberichi spec. nov.
Type-locality: Madagascar, Maroantsetra.
Holotype & : “Madagascar N.E., Maroantsetra, XI1.1956° (not dissected) (MP).
Paratypes: 15 9 g', Madagascar (USNM); 1 9, same locality as holotype, V.1957 (MP); 5 9 & Madagascar, Betroka, II, X, XI, XII.1953 and 1955 (E. Diehl), slides 11220-BM g', 11212-BM 9, 11213-BM 9 and 4867-SB 9 (BM, SB).
Ocellus well developed. Face rounded. Length of forewing about 6.0 mm; ground- colour shiny silvery white, pattern ochreous brown; costa edged with dark ochreous; two distinct transverse lines.
d' genitalia (Fig. 21). Symmetrical; pars basalis a strong lobe with a spine-shaped process and heavily sclerotized basal fold; no cornuti.
Q genitalia (Fig. 22). Atrium bursae heavily sclerotized, transverly wrinkled, scobinate; two elongate signa.
Fig. 14—16. Male and female genitalia. 14, Chigua eblisella sp.n., & paratype, Bolivia; 15, the same, @ paratype, Bolivia; 16, Eschata smithi sp.n. 4, holotype, Thailand
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48
| Whi | AD il; 14 Is MD
12 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Distinct from other Pseudocatharylla species by strongly contrasting pattern of the forewing, by the spined apex of the aedeagus, and by two long signa.
The species is named in honour of Dr. T. Berberich, Bad Godesberg, West Germany.
Sebrus gen. nov.
Type-species: Sebrus amandus spec. nov.
Ocellus well developed. Chaetosemata moderate. Antenna in g' serrate. Labial palpus as in Pediasia. Face rounded. Frenulum in 9 double. Wing venation as in Pedzasia. Forewing with two transverse lines.
d genitalia (Fig. 23). Uncus and gnathos much as in Pediasia; pars basalis strong and long, with large, subbasal lobe; one very long cornutus; saccus absent; pseudosaccus present.
Q genitalia (Fig. 26). Papillae anales as in Pediasia, anterior apophyses moderate; atrium bursae lightly sclerotized, surrounded by hood-shaped fold of the eighth segment; ductus bursae very long, reaching base of thorax; no signum.
The new genus is established for one species, Sebrus amandus spec. nov., Madagascar. It seems to be rather closely related to Pediasia, from which it is distinct by the double frenulum in © (single in Pediasia) and by the subbasal lobe of pars basalis.
Sebrus amandus spec. nov.
Type-locality: Madagascar, Perinet.
Holotype g': “Station Perinet, 149 east of Tananarive, 20.X—10.XI.1930 (Mme N. d’Olsoufieff)”, slide 11282-BM (BM).
Paratypes: 1 4 and 1 9 : “Madagascar”, slides 5816-SB and 5822-SB (SB).
Length of forewing 7.0—8.0 mm; ground-colour dull whitish, dusted with brown scales; transverse lines indistinct.
Genitalia as described for the genus.
Culladiella gen. nov.
Type-species: Culladia sinuimargo Hampson.
Ocellus present. Chaetosemata moderate, weaker than in Cwlladia Moore. Male antenna serrate. Labial palpus as in C#/ladia.
Female frenulum double. Wing venation as in Pediasia. Forewing with ill-defined pattern.
d' genitalia. Uncus and gnathos similar to Cwlladia; pseudosaccus large; saccus absent; pars basalis strong; aedeagus much elongate.
9 genitalia. Rather similar to those in Culladia; no signum.
This genus is closely related to C//adia, but distinct by different armature of the pars basalis, which is not subdivided, by the very long aedeagus, which has no apical rod-like projection, and by a very large pseudosaccus.
Distribution: Central and South Africa.
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48 13 Culladiella sinuimargo (Hampson) comb. nov.
Culladia sinuimargo Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3: 277 (type-locality: South Africa, Pretoria).
Lectotype & (present designation): ‘Pretoria 8.10.06, A. J. T. Janse; Transvaal 1907- 249”, slide 1369-BM (BM).
Paralectotypes: 1 g', Pretoria, 5.11.1906, slide 1723-BM; 1 & Pretoria, 16.X.1906, slide 5831-SB; 1 g' Pretoria, 19.X.1906; 1 © Pretoria, 17.IX.1906, slide 11230-BM (BM).
d' genitalia as shown in Fig. 24.
Q genitalia as shown in Fig. 27.
The material examined contains all type-specimens and moreover 2 & from Kenya and 1 g' from South Africa, Natal.
Culladiella subsinuimargo spec. nov.
Type-locality: Western Sudan, Darfur, Jebel Murra.
Holotype g': ‘W. Darfur, Jebel Murra, Kiliing, 7.000 ft. 8.V.1932. Miss. E. Steele”, slide 11290-BM (BM).
Paratypes 5 g', same locality as holotype (BM, SB).
Externally similar to C. sinzimargo (Hmps.).
3 genitalia (Fig. 25), compared with those in sinzimargo. Tegumen without lobes; pars basalis more strongly tapering apicad; pseudosaccus smaller; juxta without incision.
© unknown.
Culladiella generosa (Meyrick) comb. nov.
Crambus generosus Meyrick, 1936, Exot. Microlep. 5: 19 (type-locality: Congo, Elisabethville).
Lectotype & (present designation): ‘Musée de Congo, Elisabethville, 24.X.1934, Ch. Seydel; M 4665; R. det. G. 3152; Type C. generosus’ (TM).
Paralectotypes: 4 2 Elisabethville (Lubumbash), X.1934 (TM); 2 9 Elisabethville, one with abdomen missing (BM).
Externally similar to both preceding species.
d' genitalia (Fig. 28). Tegumen without lobes; pars basalis shorter than in the two preceding species; juxta without incision.
Q genitalia (Fig. 48). Atrium bursae with Dep sclerite, ductus bursae distinctly swollen before corpus bursae.
Caffrocrambus Bleszynski
Caffrocrambus Bleszynski, 1961, Bull. ent. Pol. 31: 200. Type-species: Crambus dichotomellus Hampson, 1919, South Africa, by original designation.
Originally, this genus contained three species, all characterized by a whitish, longitudi- nal stripe in the forewing. Several other African species belong to Caffrocrambus. Similar to Agriphila Hbn. or Catoptria Hbn., this genus contains species with or without a longitudinal stripe in the forewing.
14 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
One species, C. sordidellus Marion, tentatively transferred from Culladia Moore, has the vein m, in the forewing and m, in the hindwing absent, which is atypical of Caffro- crambus.
.
Fig. 17—20. Male genitalia. 17, Eschata rembrandti sp.n., holotype, India, Nilghiris; 18, E. aida sp.n., holotype, India, Bengal; 19, E. rococo sp.n., holotype, India, Khasis; 20, Calamatropha malgasella sp.n., Madagascar
Caffrocrambus undilineatus (Hampson) comb. nov.
Crambus undilineatus Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3: 280 (type-locality: South Africa, Transvaal).
Holotype 8: “E. Transvaal, White River, 2.XII.1909, M. T. Cooke 1910—66; Crambus undilineatus type Q Hmpsn.”, slide 5505-BM (BM).
The species was based on 8 specimens. I have found only 2 & paratypes (from Pretoria) in the collection of the British Museum. I was unable to locate the paratypes from Kenya, Eb Urru (1 8), Transvaal, Pretoria (1 Z and 2 9) and South Africa, Brak Kloof (1 &').
d' genitalia (Fig. 29). Pars basalis a slight, broad projection; one cornutus; juxta fused with heavily sclerotized, hairy fultura superior.
9 genitalia as shown in Fig. 30.
I have associated with the holotype two females from Rhodesia, Mashonaland, which seem to be conspecific.
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48 15
Externally, C. undilineatus is similar to C. decolorellus. The latter is known only from female specimens. The differences in the female genitalia between the two species are slight; perhaps they are synonyms.
Caffrocrambus decolorellus (Walker) comb. nov.
Crambus decolorellus Walker, 1863, List Spec. lep. Ins. B.M. 27: 164 (type-locality: South Africa, Cape Colony).
Pediasia decolorella: Bleszynski, 1962, Bull. ent. Pol. 37: 19.
Holotype 9 : “1742; C.B.S.; Type; Crambus decolorellus Walker”, slide 4433-BM (BM).
Based on one 9 (Fig. 47). The fold surrounding atrium bursae is less notched than in C. undilineatus.
The material examined contains the holotype and two other females from South Africa.
3 unknown.
Caffrocrambus decolorelloides spec. nov.
Type-locality: Kenya, Nairobi.
Holotype g': “Kenya Colony, Nairobi, Scott. Agr. Lab. VI.1926. At light. T. J. An- derson’’, slide 11295-BM (BM).
Paratypes: 1 oi Kenya, Nairobi, slide 5827-SB (SB); 1 9 Kenya, Nairobi, slide 11320-BM (BM).
Externally similar to C. decolorellus.
d' genitalia (Fig. 33), compared with those of zndilineatus. Cucullus more heavily sclerotized, pointed; saccus much longer; pars basalis reduced, cornuti smaller.
Q genitalia (Fig. 46). Atrium bursae tubular, with ventral margin projected; heavily sclerotized fold surrounding ostium bursae (typical of the two preceding species) absent.
Caffrocrambus ochreus spec. nov.
Type-locality: Rhodesia, Mashonaland, Salisbury.
Holotype G': ‘Salisbury, Mashonaland, 24.1.98, G. A. K. Marshall, 98—62”; slide 11291-BM (BM).
Paratypes: 1 & Mashonaland, Salisbury, 1.1905 (G. A. K. Marshall), slide 7723-BM (BM); 1 & Mashonaland (H. B. Dobbie) (BM); 1 & Kenya, Athiya Mave, 17.IV. 1899 (C. S. Betton), slide 11292-BM (BM); 1 8 Kenya, Nairobi, IV.1920, slide 5821- SB (SB); 3 ® Kenya, Nairobi, 21. and 24.IV.1916 (W. A. Lamborn), slides 7715-BM, 11293-BM and 5476-SB (BM and SB); 1 g° Kenya, Kilimandjaro, slide 11294-BM (BM); 1 & Kenya, Pori, Landjoro, III.1912 (Alluaud & Jeannel), slide 5437-SB (PM).
Externally similar to C. decolorellus and undilineatus, but with forewing bright och- reous yellow.
d genitalia (Fig. 31), compared with those in C. undilineatus. Pars basalis weaker; fultura superior membraneous, without hairs; aedeagus broader and longer, with a patch of numerous cornuti.
Q genitalia (Fig. 32). Atrium bursae funnel-shaped, without notch, weakly fused with eighth segment; ductus bursae swollen behind atrium bursae.
16 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Fig. 21—25. Male and female genitalia. 21, Pseudocatharylla berberichi sp.n., & paratype, Madagas-
car; 22, the same, 9 paratype, Madagascar; 23, Sebrus amandus sp.n., & holotype, Madagascar;
24, Culladiella sinuimargo (Hmps.), & paralectotype, Transvaal; 25, Culladiella subsinuimargo sp.n., & holotype, West Sudan
Caffrocrambus sordidellus (Marion) comb. nov.
Culladia sordidella Marion, 1957, Bull. IFAN (A) 19: 1210, pl. 1, fig. 11 (type-locality: Daho- mey).
Holotype 2: ““Koutiacou Atakora 600 m, 22.VI.30; IFAN 1950, Dahomey, 22.VI. A. Villiers”, slide 3652-Viette (MP).
Forewing brown; discal dot distinct; transverse lines indistinct; in forewing m, absent; in hindwing m, absent (atypical of Caffrocrambus).
Q genitalia (Fig. 34). Atrium bursae surrounded by a heavily sclerotized fold with a deep incision.
d unknown.
Caffrocrambus leucofascialis (Janse) comb. nov.
Crambus lencofascialis Janse, 1922, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1922: 2 (type-locality: South Africa, Transvaal, Pretoria).
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48 17
Holotype © : Pretoria, 13.1.1915 (Transvaal Museum).
Forewing with a distinct, longitudinal white stripe. I have had no opportunity to examine the type of this species. The species was based on several females taken in Pretoria and Warmberg. The genitalia of one examined male from South Africa proved that leucofascialis belongs to Caffrocrambus.
Conocramboides gen. nov.
Type-species: Crambus seychellellus Fletcher.
Ocellus fully developed. Chaetosemata moderate. Face rounded, not protruding forward beyond eye. Antenna in male serrate. Wing venation similar to Crambus F. In forewing r, free. Forewing with one transverse line; apex rounded, termen not incised. Frenulum in female double.
d genitalia (Fig. 35). Uncus and gnathos long and slender; pars basalis absent; pseudosaccus present; saccus absent; vinculum constricted in middle; one cornutus.
Fig. 26—30. Male and female genitalia. 26, Sebrus amandus sp.n., 9 paratype, Madagascar; 27, Cul- ladiella sinuimargo (Hmps.), 9 paralectotype, Transvaal; 28, C. generosa (Meyr.), &, Congo; 29, Caffrocrambus undilineatus (Hmps.), &, Transvaal; 30, the same, 2, Rhodesia
18 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Q genitalia (Fig. 36). Similar to those in Pediasia, but with one large signum.
Conocramboides is erected for one species, Crambus seychellellus from the Seychelle Is. and Mauritius. It is closely related to Conocrambus, which has, however, a strong pars basalis with two signa.
Conocramboides seychellellus (Fletcher) comb. nov.
Crambus seychellellus Fletcher, 1910, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 13: 297, Pl. 17, Fig. 4 (type- locality: Seychelle Is., Mahe). |
Lectotype 4 (present designation) : “Seychelles, Mahe 25.X.1905. T. B. Fletcher 1909- 288”, slide 3531-BM (BM).
Crambus emmerezellus J. de Joannis, 1915, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 84: 13, PI. 1, Fig. 8 (type-locality: Mauritius).
Lectotype g' (present designation): “Ile Maurice Curepipe Carie Janv. 1905”, slide 3049-Viette (PM).
Microcrambon gen. nov.
Type-species: Crambus paphiellus Guenée.
Ocellus well developed. Chaetosemata moderate. Face rounded, not produced. Male antenna serrate. Forewing silvery white with pattern reduced. Female frenulum double.
d' genitalia (Fig. 37). Uncus and gnathos similar to Microcrambus. Pars basalis a long, finger-shaped process; pseudosaccus large; saccus absent; aedeagus with a long, sigmoid cornutus.
Q genitalia (Fig. 38). Similar to Pedzasza.
This genus is described for one species, Crambus paphiellus Guenée, from Reunion, the Seychelles Is. and Madagascar. It resembles externally and in genitalia some species of Microcrambus Blesz., which is distributed in South and North America. The large pseudosaccus and rather different armature of the vinculum separate Microcrambon from Microcrambus.
Microcrambon paphiellum (Guenée) comb. nov.
Crambus papbiellus Guenée, 1863, in Maillard: Notes sur l’Ile Réunion, Annexe G, Lepidoptera: 7 (type-locality: Reunion).
Crambus auronivellus Fryer, 1912, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1912: 22, PI. 1, Fig. 19 (type-locality: Seychelles Is., Silhouette). Syn. nov.
Neotype & (present designation) : “Crambus paphiellus Guenée, g'; La Reunion Forêt de Bélowve, 26.1.1955 P. Viette; Museum Paris Mission franco-mauritienne I/II 1955” (PM).
Lectotype 9 (present designation) : “Silhouette, Seychelles Islands, Percy Sladen Trust Expedition 1933-170", slide 7790-BM (BM).
The specimens from the Seychelles Is. are smaller than those from Reunion.
Charltona ariadna spec. nov.
Type-locality: Madagascar, Tananarive. Holotype d' : “Tananarive Tsimbazaza 3.XI1.1954, P. Viette”, slide 4164-SB (MHNP).
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48 19
Fig. 31—34. Male and female genitalia. 31, Caffrocrambus ochreus sp.n., & paratype, Rhodesia; 32, the same, @ paratype, Kenya; 33, C. decolorelloides sp.n., & holotype, Kenya; 34, C. sor- didellus (Marion), 9 holotype, Dahomey
20 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Paratypes: 15 g' ®, Madagascar, Tananarive and Manisana near Tananarive, slides 4165-SB 9 and 7148-BM 9 (PM, BM and SB).
Ocellus present. Face produced forward with small corneous point (slightly variable). Length of forewing 16.0—20.0 mm; ground-colour brown; an ill-defined, light basal stripe diffusing in middle of wing.
d genitalia (Fig. 39). Uncus broad basally with side projections; one long cornutus.
Q genitalia (Fig. 40). Ductus bursae longitudinally wrinkled, short, swollen at mouth of corpus bursae; no signum. |
Ch. ariadna is somewhat similar to albidalis Hmps., which is larger, has darker fore- wing, shorter aedeagus and longer cornutus.
Aurotalis gen. nov.
Type-species: Aurotalis dionisa spec. nov.
Ocellus well developed. Face rounded. Labial palpus very long and slender. Male antenna pectinate. Female frenulum single. Wing venation similar to Conotalis Hmps. Forewing narrower than in Conotalis, with two transverse lines and golden brown and yellowish longitudinal lines.
d genitalia (Fig. 41). Valva broad, without pars basalis; saccus and pseudosaccus present.
Q genitalia (Fig. 42). Resembling those in Conotalis, but less elongate.
This genus is erected for two species, A. dionisa spec. nov. and A. nigroradians (Hmps.). It differs from Conotalis by the pectinate male antenna, different forewing pattern, more slender forewing, longer labial palpus and less elongate valva. The detailed comparison of this genus, Conotalis and allied genera will be published in one of the forthcoming papers by the present author.
Distribution: South Africa; Angola.
Aurotalis dionisa spec. nov.
Type-locality: Angola, Kuelei Pass.
Holotype g': “Museum Paris, Mission Rohan-Chabot, Angola, 1912-13; Passage du Kuelei, 7.11I.1913”, slide 2853-SB (PM).
Paratypes: 1 & 4 9 Angola, Capelongo and Dongo, 19.0—20.X11.1912, one, slide 6238-SB (PM and SB); 1 9 Angola, Pungo Andongo (A. v. Homeyer), slide 11281- BM(BM).
Labial palpus five times as long as diameter of eye. Male antenna distinctly pectinate, female antenna serrate. Length of forewing 9.5—11.0 mm; ground-colour whitish; two ochreous transverse lines, veins delineated with brown; fringe glossy golden. Hindwing whitish.
d'genitalia (Fig. 41). Uncus curved, short, and stout; gnathos elbowed; cucullus produced; sacculus a narrow, long thickening; aedeagus long, tapering caudad, sigmoid.
Q genitalia (Fig. 42). Atrium bursae heavily sclerotized, cup-shaped; no signum.
The species is very different from A. nigrisguamalis (Hmps.) comb. nov., from South Africa, which is much larger and has very different genitalia (di-branched uncus, bilobed atrium bursae).
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48 21
Prionapteryx carmensita spec. nov.
Type-locality: Kenya, Dandu.
Holotype g': “Kenya Dandu, March 1952. Lat. N 3° 25’ Long. E 39° 54’, E. H. M. Clifford, B.M. 1952-178”, slide 7593-BM (BM).
Paratypes: 3 g' Kenya, Dandu, III.1952 (BM and SB); 1 g Kenya, Mtito Andei, X.1951, (E. Pinhey), slide 6253 (Condon Museum, Nairobi); 1 4 Kenya, Voi, 1II.1915 (Alluaud & Jeannel), slide 6230-SB (PM).
Male antenna bipectinate. Labial palpus one and half times as long as diameter of eye. Face strongly produced, with two corneous points. Length of forewing 9.5—10.5 mm; r, stalked with r4; m, on a long stalk with mg, except in the paratype from Kenya, Voi, which has m, on a short stalk; ground-colour brown red; three transverse lines; discal dot white, distinct. Hindwing with mg present.
d genitalia (Fig. 43). Uncus with two side lamellae; gnathos with broad, truncate apex; basal process of valva dentate; in the paratype from Kenya, Voi, the gnathos has different shape (Fig. 43 A).
@ unknown.
The species is very distinct from its allies by reddish ground-colour of the forewing.
Loxophantis pretoriella spec. nov.
Type-locality: South Africa, Pretoria.
Holotype J': “Pretoria, 9.1.13, A. J. T. Janse; 1919-17”, slide 7436-BM (BM).
Paratypes: 3 g' 3 9,1, II and XII.1911—1913 (A. J. T. Janse), one g', slide 5547- SB (BM and SB), 1 9 Rhodesia, Sawmills, 4.11.1918 (A. J. T. Janse) (BM).
Male antenna bipectinate. Face strongly conical with corneous point and ventral ridge, slightly variable in shape. Labial palpus 3 (g') to 3.5 (9) times as long as diameter of eye. Length of forewing 10.0—11.0 mm; r, and ry free, r- stalked with r,, mo free from cell; termen not incised; ground-colour dull brown with slight olive hue; subterminal line white, dentate; median line ill defined or reduced; discal dot white, distinct; costa edged with white; fringe brown, interrupted several times by white bars.
d' genitalia (Fig. 44). Uncus broad, expanding caudad, truncate; gnathos, a narrow ring, without a point; basal process of valva narrow, dentate; costal part of valva slightly more heavily sclerotized than the remainder of the valva; juxta without incision; no cornuti.
Q genitalia (Fig. 45). Papillae anales triangular, small, with very short hairs; atrium bursae not demarcated from ductus bursae; the latter very narrow, lightly sclerotized throughout; no signum.
Judging by the genitalia, this species is close to L. triplecta Meyrick, from Central Africa, which has, however, incised juxta, differently shaped uncus and broader basal process of the valva. L. triplecta is smaller than L. pretoriella and has different coloration and forewing pattern. i
Loxophantis Meyr., 1936, Exot. Microlep. 4: 570, was erected for one species, triplecta Meyr., Lc. In 1936 (Exot. Microlep. 5: 21), Meyrick described another species as Loxo- phantis diaplecta, from Ruanda. However, diaplecta is referable to Prionapteryx Steph.
Prionapteryx diaplecta (Meyrick) comb. nov.
Holotypes of both friplecta and diaplecta, males, are in Musée de l’Afrique Centrale,
22 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Fig. 35—39. Male and female genitalia. 35, Conocramboides seychellellus (Fletcher), &, Mauritius; 36, the same, 9, Mauritius; 37, Microcrambon paphiellum (Guenée), &, Mauritius; 38, the same, ?, Reunion; 39, Charlions ariadna sp.n., & paratype, Madagascar
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48 23
Tervuren. One male paratype of diaplecta is preserved in the collection of the British Museum.
CHANGES IN THE TAXONOMY OF SOME CRAMBINAE
Microchilo fulvizonellus (Hampson) comb. nov.
Platytes fulvizonella Hampson, 1896, Moths of India, 4: 21 (India, Khasis). Argyria trizona Meyrick, 1931, Exot. Microlep. 4: 114. Syn. nov. (India, Khasis).
Classeya interstriatella (Hampson ) comb. nov.
Platytes interstriatellus Hampson, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895: 945 (Punjab).
Charltoniada apicella (Hampson) comb. nov. Platytes apicella Hampson, 1896, Moths of India, 4: 22 (India, Khasis).
Charltoniada acrocapna (Turner) comb. nov.
Microtalis acrocapna Turner, 1911, Ann. Queensland Mus. 10: 116 (North Australia, Port Darwin).
Crambus apicenotatus Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3: 287 (Formosa). Syn. nov.
Chartoniada difficilis Strand, 1919, Ent. Ztg. Stettin, 79: (Formosa). Syn. nov.
Diatraea decorata J. de Joannis, 1930, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 98: 601, Pl. 4, Fig. 2 (Tonkin). Syn. nov.
Vaxi jonesella (Dyar) comb. nov.
Argyria jonesella Dyar, 1913, Insec. Inscit. menstr. 1: 114 (Brazil, Parana).
Pseudocatharylla xantholeuca (Meyrick) comb. nov. Argyria xantholeuca Meyrick, 1933, Exot. Microlep. 4: 445 (Central Africa).
Pseudocatharylla mikengella Bleszynski
Pseudocatharylla mikengella Bleszynski, 1964, Acta zool. cracov. 9: 722, Fig. 42 (Angola). Psendocatharylla submikengella Bleszynski, 1964, l.c., Fig. 43 (Angola). Syn. nov.
Pseudocatharylla angolica Bleszynski
Pseudocatharylla angolica Bleszynski, 1964, Acta zool. cracov. 9: 716, Fig. 41 (Angola). Psendocatharylla antiopa Bleszynski, 1964, Acta zool. cracov. 9: 729, Fig. 60 (South Africa). Syn. nov.
Calamotropha baibarella (Shibuya)
Crambus baibarellus Shibuya, 1928, J. Fac. Agric. Sapporo, 22: 48, Pl. 4, Fig. 3 (Formosa). Calamotropha sattleri Bleszynski, 1961, Acta zool. cracov. 6: 192, Pl. 29, Fig. 40, Pl. 50, Fig. 127 (Formosa). Syn. nov.
Calamotropha haplora (Turner) comb. nov. Crambus haplorus Turner, 1911, Ann. Queensland Mus. 10: 110 (North Australia, Port Darwin). Calamotropha toxophora (J. de Joannis) comb. nov. Crambus toxophorus J. de Joannis, 1922, Bull. Soc. lép. Genéve, 5: 182 (Mozambique). Conocrambus ammoploceus (Turner) comb. nov. Crambus ammoploceus Turner, 1922, Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 35: 45 (Queensland).
Fissicrambus orion Bleszynski
Fissicrambus orion Bleszynski, 1963, Acta zool. cracov. 8: 160, Fig. 37 (French Guiana). Fissicrambus amandus Bleszynski, 1963, l.c.: 162, Fig. 46 (Colombia).
24
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE,
DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 48 25
Supercrambus albiradialis (Hampson)
Crambus albiradialis Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3: 442 Brazil, Rio de Janeiro). Crambus dukinfieldiellus Schaus, 1922, Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 24: 131 (Brazil, Parana). Syn. nov.
Pediasia ematheudella (J. de Joannis) comb. nov.
Crambus ematheudellus J. de Joannis, 1922, Bull. Soc. lep. Genève, 5: 192 (Mozambique). Pediasia marionella Bleszynski, 1963, Acta zool. cracov. 8: 174, Fig. 58, 61 (Madagascar). Syn. nov.
Fig. 46—48. Female genitalia. 46, Caffrocrambus decolloreides sp.n., 2, paratype, Kenya; 47, C. deco- lorellus Walk., ® type; 48, Culladiella generosa (Meyr.), ©, lectoparatype, Elisabethville
Fig. 40—45. Male and female genitalia. 40, Charltona ariadna & paratype, Madagascar; 41, Auro-
talis dionisa sp.n., & holotype, Angola; 42, the same, © paratype, Angola; 43, Prionapteryx carmen-
sita sp.n., & holotype, Kenya; 43 A, the same, & paratype, Kenya, (gnathos); 44, Loxophantis pretoriella sp.n., & holotype, Transvaal; 45, the same © paratype, Transvaal
26 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Pediasia nephelosticta (J. de Joannis) comb. nov.
Crambus nephelostictus J. de Joannis, 1922, Bull. Soc. lép. Genève, 5: 191 (Mozambique).
Pediasia melanerges (Hampson) comb. nov. Crambus melanerges Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3: 281 (Uganda).
Talis Guenée Talis Guenée, 1845, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 3: 324 (type-species: Tinea quercella Denis & Schiffer- müller, by monotypy). Drasa Kapur, 1950, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 101: 409 (type-species: Diatraea cashmirensis Hampson, by monotypy). Syn. nov.
Talis wockei Filipjev
Talis wockei Filipjev, 1929, Ann. Mus. zool. Acad. Sci. Russ. 30: 2, Pl. 1, Fig. 1, Pl. 2a, Fig. i (South Siberia). Talis kansualis Caradja, 1935, Ark. Zool. 27 A (8): 5 (China, Kansu). Syn. nov.
Mesolia microdontalis (Hampson) comb. nov. Prionopteryx (sic) microdontalis Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 4:66 (West Africa).
Charltona albimixtalis Hampson
Charltona albimixtalis Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 4: 306 (West Africa). Charltona villiersi Marion, 1957, Bull. IFAN, 19 (A): 1210, Pl. 1, Fig. 12 (Dahomey). Syn. nov. Prionotalis africanella (Strand) comb. nov.
Talis africanellus Strand, 1909, Ent. Runsch. 26: 115 (Tanzania).
SPECIES DESCRIBED IN CRAMBINAE BUT REFERABLE TO OTHER SUBFAMILIES OF PYRALIDAE
Argyria holocrassa Meytick, 1902, Ent. mon. Mag. 38: 176 (Aden) = Noorda blitealis (Walker), Odontiinae. Syn. nov.
Argyria leucopsumis Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3: 455 (India) is referable to Odontiinae, Odontia Dup., Comb. nov.
Argyria strophaea Meyrick, 1905, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1905: 226 (New Zealand), is referable to Pyraustinae, ? Mefasia Guenée. Comb. nov.
Crambus venalbellus J. de Joannis, 1922, Bull. Soc. lep. Geneve, 5: 192 (Mozambique), is referable to Phycitinae, ? Phycita Curt. Comb. nov.
Eromene pavonialis Hampson, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895: 269, Pl. 10, Fig. 28 (Aden), is referable to Cybalomiinae, Stzphrometasia Zerny. Comb. nov.
Platytes biangularis Turner, 1942, Proc. R. Soc. Queensland, 53: 82 (Queensland), is referable to Galleriinae, Galleristhena Hmps. Comb. nov.
Platytes contempta Turner, 1927, Pap. & Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1926: 120 (Tasmania), is referable to Phycitinae, ? Phycita Curt. Comb. nov.
Platytes idioptila Turner, 1915, Proc. R. Soc. Queensland, 27: 30 (New South Wales), is referable to Galleriinae, Galleristhena Hmps. Comb. nov.
Platytes erythroneura Turner, 1937, Proc. R. Soc. Queensland, 48: 66 (South Australia), is referable to Scopariinae, ? Eclipsioides. Comb. nov.
Platytes oxycampyla Turner, 1937, Proc. R. Soc. Queensland, 48: 66 (Australia, Vic- toria), is referable to Scopariinae, ? Scoparia Curt. Comb. nov.
Platytes pediopola Turner, 1937, Proc. R. Soc. Queensland, 48: 66 (Queensland), is referable to Scopariinae, Eclipsioides Meyr. Comb. nov.
A REVISION OF THE ORIENTAL SPECIES OF THE GENUS ANCYLOLOMIA HUBNER (STUDIES ON THE CRAMBINAE, LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE, PART 49) by STANISLAW BLESZYNSKI + ABSTRACT
Eighteen species of Ancylolomia Hbn. from the Oriental Region are diagnosed and their genitalia illustrated. Seven species and two subspecies are described as new; two species are put into synonymy.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BM — British Museum (Natural History), London
CM — Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. CU — Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.
SM — Museum fiir Naturkunde, Stuttgart
LM — Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden VM — Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna
SB — Stanislaw Bleszynski
slide — genitalia slide
The Oriental Region is the second largest centre of the distribution of the genus Ancylolomia Hb., next to the Ethiopian Region. The Oriental Region is inhabited by at least 18 Ancylolomia species, while about 30 species are known from the Ethiopian Region. Moreover, about 15 undescribed Ancylolomia species from the Ethiopian Region are known to me. Sixteen species are known from the Palaearctic Region, but one of these, A. minutella Turati, is probably synonymous with tentaculella Hb., or pectinatella Z. One species, A. rotaxella Blesz., is known from one male, labelled “China”, and perhaps comes from the Oriental part of China. A. locupletella Kollar, indica Felder, and bitubi- rosella are distributed in the eastern peripherie of the Palaearctic Region, and are Orien- tal elements in this area. A. japonica Z. is also common to both Palaearctic and Oriental Regions, but it is rather widely distributed in the eastern part of the former.
In addition to the eighteen Oriental Ancylolomia species diagnosed here, two undescribed species are known to me by female specimens, which is unsufficient for a description of almost any of the Ancylolomia species. One of these, from China, Prov. Chekiang, belongs to the inornata group, and the other, from Celebes, seems to be related to the indica group.
The Australian Region is inhabited by one species, A. westwoodi, occurring in Northern Territories and Queensland.
27
28 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
No species of Ancylolomia are known from the New World or the Pacific Islands. The Oriental Ancylolomia, like the Ethiopian ones, can be divided into three main
groups:
1. A. inornata group.
This group is characterized by the presence of a very long and thin cornutus; the costa of the valva often with a finger-shaped projection. The specific differences in this group are often very slight, particularly the females offer very slight diagnostic characters. The male antennae are pectinate or lamellate. The zzornata group is represented in the Oriental Region by five species, i.e. A. chrysographella, saundersiella, arabella, unifor- mella, and dives. It is important to note that most species of Ancylolomia from the Ethiopian Region belong to the inornata group. The Oriental species of this group inhabit only the western part of the Oriental Region (except for one undescribed species from China).
2. A. indica group.
The indica group is characterized by the absence of a cornutus; aedeagus in most cases tapering and inflated caudally; the uncus bears in many species a pair of distinct thorns; the costa shows no finger-shaped process. The females often offer good diagnostic characters. The male antennae are lamellate. The Oriental species of this group are: A. indica, bitubirosella, orchidea, laverna, felderella, agraphella, taprobanensis, intricata, cervicella, japonica, and likiangella. The latter can also be considered as a Palaearctic species, since it is distributed in China, North Yunnan. This group is spread virtually throughout the Oriental Region. Of the Ethiopian species, only one, melanella Hmps., belongs to the indica group. This group is the major component of the Oriental group of Ancylolomia.
3. A. locupletella group.
This group is characterized by the absence of a cornutus, the lack of the process of the costa of the valva, and the large uncus and gnathos. The female genitalia often have peculiar sclerites in the atrium bursae. The species of this group offer rather slight specific characters. The male antennae are lamellate or pectinate. Only two species, namely A. locupletella and argentata, are known from the Oriental Region. The Palae- arctic Region is inhabited by only one species of this group, A. micropalpella, known from Near East and Iran; moreover, A. locupletella occurs in the transitional areas between the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. Only few species are distributed in the Ethiopian Region. This group is the smallest within the genus Arcylolomia.
Ancylolomia chrysographella (Kollar)
Chilo chrysographellus Kollar, 1844, Hüg. Kaschm. 4: 494 (type-locality: Himalaya, Massuri). Lectotype 9 (present designation): “Hügel.” (VM).
Jartheza responsella Walker, 1863, List Spec. lep. Ins. B.M. 27: 184 (type-locality: North India). Holotype &: “43/50; Type; W.W.S.”, abdomen missing (BM). Syn. nov.
Jartheza xylinella Walker, 1863, List Spec. lep. Ins. B.M. 27: 184 (type-locality: Nepal). Holo- type & (not @ as stated in the original description): “N. India; 48/13”, abdomen missing (BM). Syn. nov.
Ancylolomia basistriga Moore, 1886, Lep. Ceyl. 3: 382, Pl. 184, Fig. 1 (type-locality: Ceylon, Neuera). Lectotype & (present designation): “Ceylon; Neuera, 21.5.85; Moore Coll. 94-106, Ancylolomia basistriga type Moore”, slide 13032-BM (BM). Syn. nov.
29
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 49
umesjag ‘erpu] odMopaTered ‘soap “ ‘prey, ‘erqery ‘dojo rege ‘€ Serpur opsiopunvs ‘7 “MOUW ‘erpur “(2//2415519 Jo 244303991) vagdo4doskugs ‘1 vruogopksup jo erjeyruss JEN 5-1 SH
30 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Jantheza cassimella Swinhoe, 1886, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1886: 461, Pl. 41, Fig. 4, 6 (type- locality: India, Mhow). Lectotype & (present designation): “Mhow, 88—184. Jartheza cassimella Swinhoe 4 type”, slide 6075-BM (BM). Syn. nov.
Ancylolomia bassistriga: Bleszynski & Collins, 1962, Acta zool. cracov. 7: 207 (misspelling of basistriga).
Male antenna pectinate. Length of forewing 14.0—22.0 mm; ground-colour chocolate brown; a light brown basal, longitudinal stripe from wing-base, diffusing beyond middle of wing; several metallic silvery, longitudinal streaks; subterminal line furnished with silvery scales. Hindwing brown.
d genitalia (Fig. 1). Costa of valva with short finger-shaped process.
Q genitalia (Fig. 5). Atrium bursae flat, simple.
Distribution: India; Ceylon.
Discussion. This species has long caused great confusion. It has been considered to be distributed from Japan, thruogh South Asia and Africa. All records of A. chryso- graphella from Japan, Formosa, and, in part from China, are referable to A. japonica, and those from Southern Asia and Africa, to several other species.
A. chrysographella is very variable in size, colour, and maculation. The type-specimens of responsella, xylinella, and cassimella are nothing but small specimens of chrysographella sometimes with more contrast in the pattern of the forewing.
Material examined. Lectotype and 3 @ paralectotypes of A. chrysographella (VM and SB); holotype of A. responsella (data given above); holotype of A. xylinella (data given above); lectotype and 2 9 paralectotypes of A. basistriga, Ceylon (BM); lectotype of A. cassimella and 1 9 paralectotype, India, Mhow, slide 13035-BM (BM); 3 9 India, Mhow (BM); 2 © India, Bombay (BM and SB); 1 © Nilghiris (BM); 1 9 India, Belgaum (BM); 7 & 9 Ceylon (BM and SB).
Ancylolomia saundersiella Zeller
Ancylolomia saundersiella Zeller, 1863, Chil. Cramb. Genera et Species: 10 (type-locality: ? India). Neotype 9 (present designation): “Bombay, Saunders’ coll. 84-68; Jartheza biplagella Moore type; Ancylolomia saundersiella Zell. type”, slide 13034-BM (BM).
Jartheza biplagella Moore, 1872, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1872: 582, Pl. 34, Fig. 9 (type-locality: India, Bombay). Lectotype ® (present designation): “Bombay, Saunder’s coll. 84—68; Jartheza biplagella type; Ancylolomia saundersiella Zell. type”, slide 13034-BM (BM).
Jartheza obstitella Swinhoe, 1885, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1885: 880, Pl. 57, Fig. 3 (type-locality: India, Poona). Lectotype 9 (present designation): “Poona, 87—28 (1369) 6.83; Jartheza obstitella type Swinhoe”, slide 13033-BM (BM).
Male antenna pectinate. Length of forewing 11.5—16.0 mm. Ground-colour of fore- wing straw yellow with a contrasted black and white longitudinal stripe. Silvery streaks present.
d' genitalia (Fig. 2). Costa with bilobed process.
® genitalia (Fig. 6). Atrium bursae as compared with the corpus bursae, much shorter than in A. chrysographella; papilla analis without a distinct thickening, which is typical of chrysographella.
Distribution: India.
Discussion. This species is easily separable from other Ancylolomia in India by the contrasted maculation of the forewing, pectinate antenna in male, and bilobed costal process in the male genitalia.
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 49 31
Fig. 5—9. Genitalia of Ancylolomia. 5, chrysographella 9, paralectotype of cassimella, India, Mhow;
6, saudersiella 9, lectotype of obstitella, India, Poona; 7, uniformella 2, lectotype, India, Hyderabad; 8, indica 2, India, Bengal; 9, indica 4, Ceylon
32 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
The type of A. biplagella bears a label written by Hampson: “Ancylolomia saunder- siella Zell. type”. However, Zeller did not record Bombay as the type-locality of saunder- siella. To straighten out the problem, I select a neotype of saundersiella using the lectotype of biplagella.
Material examined. Neotype of saundersiella (lectotype of biplagella), data given above; lectotype of obstitella, data given above; 2 & 5 9, India (BM and SB).
Ancylolomia arabella Bleszynski
Ancylolomia arabella Bleszynski, 1965, Microlep. Pal. 1: 418, PI. 29, Fig. 337; PI. 79, Fig. 337 (4 genitalia) (type-locality: Arabia, Taif). Holotype 4: “Arabia, Taif. 4.VIII.1934. H. St. J. B. Philby. B.M. 1934517”, slide 7387-BM (BM).
Externally, rather similar to A. indica and allies. Antenna lamellate. The unique known specimen has labial palpi damaged. Length of forewing 10.5 mm.
d genitalia (Fig. 3). Costa without process; gnathos very large, somewhat similar to that in A. dives.
© unknown.
Distribution: Arabia.
Ancylolomia dives Hampson
Ancylolomia dives Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 4: 145 (type-localitv: India, Bel- gaum). Lectotype 4 (present designation): “Belgaum, Watson Coll. 97—193, June 96; Ancylolomia dives type & Hmpsn.”, slide 2291-BM (BM).
Male antenna pectinate. Colour and maculation similar to those in A. indica and allies. Length of forewing 10.0—11.0 mm.
d' genitalia (Fig. 4). Gnathos with much elongate lobes; costa with knob-shaped process.
Q unknown.
Distribution: India, Madras.
Material examined. Lectotype and 2 & paralectotypes, India, Belgaum, one paralecto- type slide 7415-BM (BM).
Ancylolomia uniformella Hampson
Ancylolomia uniformella Hampson, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895: 967 (type-locality: India, Sind, Hyderabad). Lectotype ® (present designation): “688 ® Hydrabad, Sind 4.86; Moore coll. 94—106; Ancylolomia uniformella type 2 Hmpsn.”, slide 2439-BM (BM).
9. Length of forewing 16.5 mm; ground-colour unicolorous light brown; no silvery scales.
9 genitalia (Fig. 7). Atrium bursae longer than half the length of ductus bursae plus corpus bursae, inflated as in other species of chrysographella group; papilla analis sub- triangular with long apophysis.
d unknown.
Distribution: India, Sind.
Discussion. This species, to the best of my knowledge, is known from the unique type: specimen. It was described from an unspecified number of specimens.
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above.
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 49 33
Ancylolomia indica Felder & Rogenhofer
Ancylolomia indica Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874, Reise Fregate Novara, Pl. 137, Fig. 19 (type- locality: India, Calcutta). Lectotype 4 (present designation): “Novara CXXXVIL19. Ancylolomia indica m. Calcutta 6; 146; Ancylolomia capensis v. affinis”, abdomen missing (BM).
Male antenna lamellate. Length of forewing 8.0—15.5 mm. Ground-colour of fore- wing light brown; basal stripe very indistinct; silvery streaks indistinct.
3 genitalia (Fig. 9). Uncus with a pair of strong spines on dorsum; costa without process; saccus rounded; aedeagus with apical part inflated and tapering; no cornutus.
2 genitalia (Fig. 8). Papilla analis subovate; two subtriangular, distinct sclerites at the ostium bursae; atrium bursae not differentiated.
Distribution: India, throughout; West Pakistan; Ceylon; Persian Gulf; Lower Burma; Thailand; Hainan Island; South China; Java.
Discussion. The male genitalia of this species are rather similar to those in A. itubi- rosella. The latter has, however, much stronger horns of the uncus, usually shorter and rather truncate saccus and no rounded, small projections at base of the uncus. The female genitalia of both species are perfectly distinct from each other, as shown in the figures. A. indica is externally indistinguishable from A. bitubirosella and other related species.
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above; 3 4 1 ® West Pakistan, Karachi (BM); 4 G 4 9 Kashmir (BM); 1 & India, Nilghiris (BM); 2 g'° 3 2 India, Oudh (BM); 1 g' India, Poona (BM); 2 g' India, Moghal Sarai (BM); 1 & India, Kutch (BM); 5 g' India, Assam, Margherita (CM and SB); 1 4 India, Goorais Valley (BM); 1 g' India, Bengal (BM); 3 © India, Madras (BM); 4 9 India, Cownpore (BM); 4 d 2 @ Ceylon (BM); 2 & Persian Gulf (BM); 3 & Thailand (BM); 2 & 1 9 Lower Burma (BM); 4 £ 2 9 Hainan Island (CU and SB); 2 & China, Tongking (CU); 2 & Java (LM).
Ancylolomia westwoodi westwoodi Zeller
Ancylolomia westwoodi Zeller, 1863, Chil. Cramb. Genera et Species: 11 (type-locality: Australia, ? Northern Territory). Type-material: lost.
Male antenna lamellate. Externally indistinguishable from A. indica and related species.
d' genitalia. Similar to those in A. indica, but dorsal thorns of uncus stouter, uncus without rounded basal projections, saccus rather truncate and shorter.
9 genitalia (Fig. 14). Eighth segment with large, subrounded, wrinkled, ventral plate; atrium bursae with a weak, bilobed sclerite.
Distribution. The problem of the identity of this species is rather obscure. Zeller, in his original description cited “Terra van Diemeni” (Tasmania) as the type-locality of westwoodi. However, in Tasmania Ancylolomia does not occur. On the other hand, in Northern Australia there is Van Diemen Cape and Van Diemen Gulf. Most likely the type of A. westwoodi was not clearly labelled and Zeller’s “Terra Van Diemeni” should be located in some area of Northern Australia. I hereby consider the population from Northern Australia and Queensland as belonging to A. westwoodi. Snellen, 1901: 305, cited and illustrated “Ancylolomia westwoodi Z.” from Java, however, this record was a misidentification of another species, which is described in this paper as A. taprobanen- sis javae.
Material examined. 1 g* North Australia, Port Darwin (BM); 1 4 3 9 Queensland, Prince of Wales I., I—II.1939, R. G. Wind coll. (CU and SB).
34 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Fig. 10—17. Genitalia of Ancylolomia. 10, westwoodi paratype, Philippine Is., Luzon; 12, agraphella &
bitubirosella &, Ceylon; 11, orchidea &, , Central Timor; 13, westwoodi bitubirosella OF Ceylon; 14, westwoodi westwoodi 2, paratype, North Queensland, Prince of Wales I.; 15, orchidea
?, paratype, Philippine Is., Luzon; 16, agraphella 9, lectotype, Timor, Oinannisa; 17, laverra &, holotype, Upper Burma, Mandalay
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 49 35 Ancylolomia westwoodi bitubirosella Amstel, status nov.
Ancylolomia bitubirosella Amsel, 1959, Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk. 28: 11, Fig. 2 (& antenna), Pl. 1, Fig. 1 (adult), Pl. 3, Fig. 4 (4 genitalia) (type-locality: Iran, Iranshar). Holotype &: “Iran Belutschistan, Iranshar, 800 m. 11.—18.VII.1954. Richter & Schäufele”, genitalia slide without number (MNS).
Externally, very similar to the nominate subspecies, except hindwings which are darker.
d' genitalia (Fig. 10). Similar to those in nominate subspecies.
® genitalia (Fig. 13). Bilobed sclerite in atrium bursae very distinct.
Distribution: Afghanistan; Iran; West Pakistan; India; Ceylon; Celebes; Java; Bali; Malaya; Sumatra.
A. westwoodi bitubirosella is rather variable in size, colour, and genitalia; particularly the dorsal thorns of the uncus vary in shape and size. It is difficult to decide whether westwoodi bitubirosella is a subspecies of westwoodi, or a distinct species.
Material examined. Holotype, data given above; 3 & Afghanistan (coll. Amsel); 1 G West Pakistan, Karachi (BM); 1 2 India, Nilghiris (BM); 2 & 1 9 India, Bombay (BM); 1 9 India, Moghal Seari (BM); 2 & India, Punjab (BM); 2 G India, Travan- core (BM); 4 & 1 @ Ceylon (BM and SB); 1 8 Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (BM); 1 g 12 Bali (BM); 3 9 Java (BM); 1 9 Sumatra (BM).
Ancylolomia orchidea spec. nov.
Type-locality: Philippine Islands, Luzon. Holotype g': ‘‘Baguio, Benguet, Luzon, 5000’, 19 April 1912 (A. E. Wileman); Rothschild Bequest, B.M. 1939-I’’, slide 11244- BM (BM).
Length of forewing 13.0—18.0 mm; similar to A. bitubirosella, perhaps slightly darker and with stronger olive hue; hindwing grey-brown with white fringes.
d' genitalia (Fig. 11). Valva relatively wider with costa more projected than in A. bitubirosella; thorns of uncus about twice as long, much stouter with bases very broad; saccus in some specimens emarginate.
9 genitalia (Fig. 15). Ostium part without bag-shaped sclerites, which are typical of A. bitubirosella; corpus bursae without heavily sclerotized area; ventral plate of eighth segment rather differently shaped than in A. bitubirosella, as shown in the figures.
Distribution: Philippine Islands, Luzon.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes 40 G' £, same locality as holo- type, taken in I, IV, V and VI, slide 5534-SB © (BM and SB); 1 & Luzon, Benguet, slide 7368-BM (BM); 1 9 Luzon, Rizal, Montalban, 20.1.1914 (A. E. Wileman) (BM); 29 Luzon, Baguio, 5000’ (CM and SB); 3 © Luzon, Baguio, V—VI.1956 (J. G. Franclemont), slide 5700-SB (CU and SB).
Ancylolomia agraphella Hampson
Ancylolomia agraphella Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 4: 144 (type-locality: Timor, Oinainisa). Lectotype ® (present designation): “Oinainisa, Nov.-Dec. 1881, W. Doherty; Ancy lolomia agraphella type © Hmpsn.”, slide 7420-BM (BM).
Male antenna lamellate. Length of forewing 10.0—12.0 mm. Ground-colour brown; no silvery streaks; subterminal line marked by row of small dark brown specks; discal dot present. Hindwing brownish.
36 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
d' genitalia (Fig. 12). Uncus with dorsal pair of thorns as in A. indica; gnathos with apical part much thinner and longer; valva with apical portion tapering; no costal process; aedeagus narrower, rather similar to that in A. argentata; no cornutus.
9 genitalia (Fig. 16). Eighth segment without pair of triangular sclerites (typical of indica), or large wrinkled plate (typical of bitubirosella); atrium bursae slightly emarginate, broad, well demarcated from corpus bursae.
Distribution: Timor.
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above; 1 9 paralectotype, same data, slide 11243-BM (BM); 1 g° Central Timor (SB).
Ancylolomia laverna spec. nov.
Type-locality: Upper Burma, Mandalay. Holotype g' : “Mandalay, Upper Burma, 13. IV.1900, Col. Bingham, 1901-157”, slide 7358-BM (BM).
Male antenna lamellate. Length of forewing 8.5—12.0 mm; in colour and maculation very similar to A. indica and allies.
d genitalia (Fig. 17). Dorsal thorns of uncus longer than in indica and much closer to apex of uncus, more arched; base of uncus not projected.
9 genitalia (Fig. 25). Eighth segment without plate or triangular sclerites (typical of bitubirosella or indica); atrium bursae rather heavily sclerotized; corpus bursae lightly sclerotized.
Distribution: Upper Burma.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes: 3 £, same locality as holotype, 13.IV and 20.IX.1900 (Bingham), slides 7404-BM and 5686-SB (BM and SB).
Ancylolomia intricata spec. nov.
Type-locality: India, Assam, Shillong. Holotype g': “Assam, Shillong, 8.VIII.1909, H. M. Parish, 1909-292”, slide 7371-BM (BM).
Male antenna lamellate. Length of forewing 8.0—12.5 mm; colour and maculation similar to those in A. indica and allies, but basal light stripe more distinct.
d' genitalia (Fig. 18). Uncus with baso-dorsal knob-shaped, small projection; basal part of costa distinctly thickened; a large, flap-like, subcostal process; juxta plate subovate with apex bifurcate; aedeagus slender, tapering apicad; no cornutus.
® genitalia (Fig. 26). Eighth segment with ventral, large, distinctly notched plate, similar to but much smaller than that in A. taprobanensis; atrium bursae with a pair of distinct sclerites; papilla analis as in zndzca.
Distribution: India, Assam.
Discussion. This species is easily distinguished by the flap-shaped process of valva and notched plate in the female genitalia.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes 1 4 Assam, Shillong, IX.1893 (SB); 1 & Assam, VI (W. F. Badgley), slide 7377-BM (BM); 1 8 Assam, Rajaori, IX.1887 (J. H. Leech) (BM); 1 @ Assam, Dharmsala (BM); 8 J 1 2 Assam, Margherita, slides 5963-SB, 5964-SB, 5975-SB and 5689-SB (CM and SB).
YA
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 49
erpu] ‘odQered ‘7772974439 ‘TT ‘siseysj ‘erpur ‘soyjeus pue snoun ‘odAyered ‘vuaqruvstigs sisuaurgosdvi ‘OT SuorkaD ‘stsuourgordvt stsuauvgordv1 ‘OT ‘siseyy ‘EIpu] ‘adfj0[oy ‘vyjasapjaf ‘61 ‘wessy ‘vIpur ‘adfo]oy ‘rivorqur ‘ST ‘vewogopksup jo eijewuas oTeN ‘Ie —81 ‘dii
38 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Ancylolomia felderella spec. nov.
Type-locality: India, Khasis. Holotype & : “Khasis, Nat. Coll.”, slide 7351-BM (BM).
Male antenna lamellate. Length of forewing 11.0—12.0 mm; ground-colour brown; maculation as in A. indica and allies.
d' genitalia (Fig. 19). Uncus with basal part much swollen; costa without process; juxta plate with long arms, each of these twice notched; aedeagus as in indica (in the figure shown in dorso-ventral aspect).
© unknown.
Distribution: India, Khasis and Belgaum.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes: 2 g' India, Belgaum, VIII— IX.1896 (J. Watson coll.), slides 7400-BM and 7414-BM (BM and SB).
Ancylolomia taprobanensis Zeller
Ancylolomia taprohanensis Zeller, 1863, Chil. Cramb. Genera et Species: 12 (Type-locality: Ceylon). Holotype &: “Ancylolomia taprobanensis Mon. 12. Ceylon, Dohrn.”, abdomen missing (BM).
Male antenna lamellate. Length of forewing 10.5—17.0 mm. Colour and maculation as in A. indica and allies.
d' genitalia (Fig. 20). Uncus with dorsal subbasal pair of small spines; costa without process; juxta bilobed; saccus rounded; aedeagus with subapical ventral swelling.
9 genitalia (Fig. 27). Eighth segment with large, deeply notched plate.
Distribution: Ceylon; South India.
Material examined. Holotype, data given above; 7 4 6 9 Ceylon; 2 g' India, Belgaum (BM and SB).
Ancylolomia taprobanensis chrysanthema subspec. nov.
Type-locality: India, Khasis. Holotype & : “Khasis, Nat. Coll.; Collection H. J. Elwes”, slide 2565-BM (BM).
Externally as the typical form.
d' genitalia (Fig. 20a). Uncus more gradually emarginate, with dorsal spines almost reduced; saccus larger than in typical form.
® unknown.
Distribution: India, Khasis.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; 2 4 paratypes, Khasis, slides 4880-SB and 5690-SB (BM and SB).
Ancylolomia taprobanensis javae subspec. nov.
Ancylolomia westwoodi Snellen (nec Zeller), 1901, Tijdschr. Ent. 43: 305, PI. 17, Fig. 8 (adult).
Type-locality: Java. Holotype g': “W. Java, Preanger, 5000 vt, 1894 g'”’, slide 6731- SB (LM).
Externally as the typical form.
d' genitalia. Saccus more rounded and aedeagus distinctly narrower than in the nomi- nate form.
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 49 39
Fig. 22—31. Genitalia of Ancylolomia, 22, argentata &, Ceylon; 23, locupletella &, India, Simla;
24, japonica &, Hainan; 25, laverna 9, paratype, Upper Burma, Mandalay; 26, intricata Q, para-
type, India, Assam; 27, taprobanensis taprobanensis Q Ceylon; 28, cervicella Q, paratype, India, Dharmsala; 29, argentata 2, Ceylon; 30, locupletella 2, Ceylon: 31. japonica Q, Hainan
40 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
© genitalia. Plate of eighth segment weaker and less notched than in the nominate form.
Distribution: Java.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes: 2 g' same data as holotype, slides 6732-SB and 6733-SB (LM and SB).
Ancylolomia cervicella spec. nov.
Ancylolomia argentata Moore, 1886, Lep. Ceyl. 3: 382 (in part).
Type locality: Ceylon. Holotype & “Ceylon § 869; Ancylolomia argentata type d Moore”, slide 7320-BM (BM).
Male antenna lamellate. Length of forewing 8.5—12.0 mm; colour and maculation similar to those in A. indica, except for basal stripe of forewing, which is slightly more distinct.
d genitalia (Fig. 21). Uncus with two very long, spined processes; valva very broad; costa without a process; aedeagus as in A. indica.
Q genitalia (Fig. 28). Eighth segment with large, ventral, minutely scobinate fold.
Distribution: Ceylon; India, Dharmsala and Campbelpore.
Discussion. The holotype of this species is one of the syntypes of A. argentata Moore; argentata is distinct externally from cervicella being reddish brown; in the genitalia, argentata is very distinct, as can be seen in the figures; it belongs to the locupletella
group.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes 3 g'° 1 © India, Dharmsala, slides 2283-BM and 7430-BM (BM and SB); 2 g' 1 9 India, Campbelpore, slide 7367- BM (BM and SB); 1 & “Sarbury Coll. 816.128”, slide 7368-BM (BM).
Ancylolomia likiangella spec. nov.
Type-locality: China, Prov. Yunnan, Li-kiang.
Holotype g': “Li-kiang (China), Provinz Nord-Yuennan, 19.5.1935, H. Hone’, GS- 6613-SB (A. Koenig Museum, Bonn).
Male antenna lamellate. Length of forewing 15.0—17.0 mm; in colour and maculation very similar to A. japonica.
d' genitalia (Fig. 32). Dorsal thorn of uncus large, on very broad bases; gnathos with broadly rounded apex; juxta very broad with ventral bilobed fold; saccus emarginate.
9 genitalia (Fig. 33). Eighth segment with pair of large, heavily sclerotized, ventral projections.
Distribution: China, North Yunnan.
Discussion. The new species is very distinct from japonica by the presence of a pair of large thorns on the uncus, large projections of the eighth segment in the female genitalia, and several other structures, as shown in the figures. The species belongs to A. indica group and seems not to be related to A. japonica. The ranges of A. likiangella and japonica do not overlap.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes 1 & 2 9, one 9, slide 6614-SB (Museum A. Koenig, Bonn and SB).
3. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 49 41
32 58
Fig. 32—33. Genitalia of Arcylolomia likiangella. 32, 4, holotype, China, Yunnan, Li-kiang; 33, Q, paratype, China, Yunnan, Li-kiang
Ancylolomia argentata Moore
Ancylolomia argentata Moore, 1886, Lep. Ceyl. 3: 382, PI. 184, Fig. 3 (type-locality: Ceylon). Lectotype 4 (present designation): “Moore Coll. 94—106, Ceylon; Ancylolomia argentata type Moore”, slide 2287-BM (BM).
Male antenna lamellate. Length of forewing 9.0—17.0 mm; ground-colour reddish brown, silvery streaks indistinct. Hindwing brown.
d genitalia (Fig. 22). Uncus and gnathos about as long as saccus plus vinculum; costa of valva without process.
Q genitalia (Fig. 29). Atrium bursae flat, rather well demarcated from ductus bursae.
Distribution: Ceylon; West Borneo.
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above; 17 & 2 Ceylon (BM and SB); 1 3° 1 9 West Borneo, Pontianak (Ander) (BM).
42 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970 Ancylolomia japonica Zeller
Ancylolomia japonica Zeller, 1877, Horae Soc. ent. ross. 13: 24 (type-locality: Japan). Lectotype (selected by Bleszynski, 1965, Microlep. pal. 1: 417) 2: “V. Seebold, Japan”, abdomen missing en chrysographella auct. (nec Zeller) (in part).
Male antenna lamellate. Length of forewing 9.5—18.0 mm; colour and maculation rather similar to those in A. indica and allies.
g genitalia (Fig. 23). Uncus with single, thin, dorsal process; costa of valva without process.
9 genitalia (Fig. 30). Atrium bursae without sclerites.
Distribution: China; Korea; Japan, Honshu, Kiushu, Yakushima; Formosa; Hainan.
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above; China, 50 & ® (BM, Museum A. Koenig, Bonn; Museum G. Antipa, Bucharest; Canadian National Collection and SB); 10 g' $ Hainan (BM and SB); 2 G' Formosa (SB).
Ancylolomia locupletella
Chilo locupletellus Kollar, 1844, Hüg. Kaschm. 4: 494 (type-locality: Himalaya, Kashmir, Mas- suri). Lectotype ® (present designation) (VM).
Male antenna lamellate. Length of forewing 10.0—20.0 mm; ground-colour brown with olive hue, glossy; white basal stripe distinct; silvery streaks present. Hindwing varying from white to brown.
d' genitalia (Fig. 23). Uncus without thorns; costa without process; saccus very short, emarginate.
Q genitalia (Fig. 31). Atrium bursae with two subovate sclerites, slightly asymmetrical.
Distribution: India; Ceylon.
Discussion. A. locupletella is similar to the West Palaearctic A. micropalpella, but can be easily separated by the lamellate male antennae, which are lamellate-pectinate in A. micropalpella.
Material examined. Lestotype, data given above; 8 & 9 North India, Darjeeling, Simla, Kutch, Subathu and Kasauli, VI—VII (BM and SB); 5 9 Ceylon (BM and SB).
REFERENCES
Amsel, H. G., 1959, Microlepidoptera aus Iran. Stutt. Beitr. Naturkunde, 28, 47 pp, 3 figs, 5 pls. Bleszynski, S., zn H. G. Amsel, F. Gregor, H. Reisser, 1965: Microlepidoptera Palaearctica, vol. 1, XLVII + 553 pp, 131 pls, Verlag G. Fromme & Co., Wien. Bleszynski, S. & R. J. Collins, 1962, A short catalogue of the World species of the family Crambidae (Lepidoptera). Acta zool. cracov. 7: 197—389. Felder, C., R. Felder & A. F. Rogenhofer, 1874, Reise der österreichischen Fregate Novara um die Erde. Zoolog. Theil. 2 Band. 2 Abt.: Lepidoptera. Heft 5, pl. 137, Wien. Hampson, G. F., 1896, On the classification of the Schoenobiinae and Crambinae, two subtamilies of moths of the family Pyralidae. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895: 897—974, 52 figs. , 1919, Descriptions of new Pyralidae of the subfamilies Crambinae and Siginae. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 4: 137—154. Kollar, V. & L. Redtenbacher, 1844, Aufzählung und Beschreibung der von Freiherrn Carl von Hügel auf seiner Reise durch Kaschmir und das Himaleygebirge gesammelten Insecten. 4 Band. 2 Abt.: 393—564, 582—586 Register, 28 pls., Stuttgart. Moore, F., 1872, Descriptions of new Indian Lepidoptera. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1872: 555—583, pls. 32—34.
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 49 43
Moore, F., 1886, The Lepidoptera of Ceylon. Vol. 3: 305—392, pls. 182—195, London.
Snellen, P. C. T., 1901, Aanteekeningen over Pyralidae. Tijdschr. Ent. 43: 265—310, pls. 15—17.
Swinhoe, C., 1885, On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan. Part IV. Heterocera (continued). Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1885: 852—886, pls. 56, 57.
» 1886, On the Lepidoptera of Mhow, in Central India. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1886: 421— 465, pls. 40, 41.
Walker, F., 1863, List of the specimens of Lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British
Museum. Part 27. Crambites & Tortricites, 286 pp, London. Zeller, P. C., 1863, Chilonidarum et Crambidarum genera et species, 56 pp, Berlin. » 1877, Exotische Microlepidopteren. Horae Soc. ent. ross. 13: 3—493, pls. 1—6.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS CULLADIA MOORE (STUDIES ON THE CRAMBINAE, LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE, PART 50) by STANISLAW BLESZYNSKI }
ABSTRACT
Sixteen species of the genus Culladia Moore are studied and described and their genitalia illustrated. Seven species are described as new. One species is removed from synonymy. One species is transferred from Crambus F. Lectotypes of six species are selected.
The genus Culladia has long been in great taxonomic confusion. Like many other Crambinae genera, Culladia was a waste basket for species belonging to several distinct genera. The classical definition of Czlladia, based on the wing venation, was inadequate and required revision.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BM — British Museum (Natural History), London
CM — Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. CU — Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.
OM — Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada TM — Museum Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren
PM — Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris
LM — Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden
VM — Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna
SB — Stanislaw Bleszynski
USNM — United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. ZSBM — Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich
The generic name Culladia was established by Moore, 1886, to replace Walker's name Araxes, pre-occupied by Araxes Stephens, 1834. Araxes Walker, 1863, was erected for four species, admigratella Walk., caesella Walk., celsella Walk., and decursella Walk. Of these, only one, admigratella, which was designated by Moore as the type-species of Culladia, is referable to this genus. Moore placed in C#/ladia three species, admigratella, caesella, and famulella Walk. The latter two were synonymized by the present author (1963: 102), and they belong to Calamotropha Zell. Subsequently, more than twenty species were described and placed in Culladia, or transferred to Culladia from other Crambinae genera, but only few of them are referable to this genus. Hampson (1896a: 924), gave a definition of Culladia, according to which m, in the forewing was coinci-
44
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 50 45
dent with mg. However, the figure of the wing venation of admigratella given by Hamp- son, shows m, and mg in the forewing as to be distinct and separate. In fact, the presence of my in the forewing has in the genus Culladia only specific value. Most species have m, stalked with ms, but some have m, completely reduced. Similarly, mo in the hindwing may be present, absent, or vestigial.
Several records of some species of Culladia, particularly those of admigratella, are useless as pertaining to obvious misidentifications of allied species, and are impossible to verify, due to difficulties in location of the recorded material. C. admigratella was supposed to occur in Asia from Ceylon and India to Indonesia and China, and also in Madagascar. The study of the present author proved that this species is confined to Ceylon.
The correct identification of most of the species of this genus makes the study of the genitalia of the specimens concerned necessary. However, good diagnostic characters in the wing venation often help considerably with the identification of the material.
The genus Culladia is probably closely related to Pediasia Hbn., being younger phylo- genetically, as is shown by the reduction of the wing venation, a rather advanced feature. The armature of the head in Cwlladia is similar to that of Pediasia. The face is always rounded, without a point, male antenna is serrate, labial palpus porrect, ocellus is always dark and fully developed; chaetosemata present. C#/ladia species are small or of a medium size. The wing venation is generally as in Pediasia, but in the forewing rg is reduced, mg is very short (stalked with r4), m, present or absent, if present, then stalked with mg; the stalk of m, and m, varies in the individual species, it may be very short, moderate, or long. In the hindwing mo is present, absent, or vestigial. In C. serranella it is observed that in some specimens mg is distinct and m, vestigial, and vice versa. The ground colour of the forewing is usually grey, but in three species it is brown. The pattern is usually ill defined, both transverse lines being very faint or reduced. Metallic scales never occur.
Discal dot is absent, similar to Pediasia. The abdominal sclerites are, as in the Pediasia group of genera, heavily sclerotized, and the sclerites of the eighth segment have a rather similar shape. I did not notice distinct specific differences in the shape of the sclerites of the eighth abdominal segment. In the male genitalia, the uncus and gnathos are slender, uncus with a small, apical hook, gnathos without such a hook. Uncus is densely clothed with hairs. No specific differences in the shape of uncus and gnathos could be found. The tegumen in most species has a distinct pons (a structure linking both sides of the tegumen), which is found only in some Pediasia species. Vinculum and pseudosaccus very well developed; saccus absent. Pars basalis generally has a rather different armature than that in Pediasia. In that genus the pars basalis is a long hook originating from a baso- dorsal angle of valva. In Cwlladta the pars basalis is always shorter and in most cases divided in two parts, one being the heavily sclerotized baso-dorsal angle of the valva, the other a hook or fold originating from the inner side of the valva. The shape of the pars basalis offers good diagnostic characters, whereas in most species of Pediasia it does not vary at all. Cucullus generally narrow, with long and dense hairs. No ventral process of the valva. Juxta is small with a deep notch, which is not observed in Pediasia. Aedeagus attached to the juxta as in that genus, ductus ejaculatorius departs as in Pediasia. The armature of the apex of the aedeagus is very different, bifurcated into two short or long, thin projections, one of which may be reduced. Only C. dentilinealis does not have these projections. The shape and the length of the projections do not vary much in the in- dividual species, and offer good specific characters. One of the most important diagnostic
CH
46
A
Wve
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113,
AFL. 1, 1970
Fig. 1—9. Genitalia of Culladia. 1, achroella 6, Madagascar; 2, inconspicuella & , Ethiopia; 3, troglo- dytella 6, Nigeria; 4, achroella 2, Madagascar; 5, inconspicuella, 9, Ethiopia; 6, elgonella ©, para-
type, Kenya; 7, serranella 9, paratype, South Africa; 8, admigratella 9
Ceylon; 9, hastiferalis 2,
Sumatra
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 50 47
characters are the number and the shape of the cornuti, which often have peculiar shapes. In most species of Pediasia there is only one cornutus. In the female genitalia, several CxI- ladia have a long, scobinate signum, which never occurs in Pediasia. The shape of the papilla analis and of the eighth abdominal segment are similar. Eighth segment is linked to the ostium bursae by a very delicate membrane, as in Pediasia. The ductus seminalis departs very close to the ostium bursae, as in Pediasia. The atrium bursae contains often asym- metrical sclerites, which never occur in Pediasia. Moreover, in many species there is a distinct membraneous bag-shaped projection near the ostium bursae (not found in any Pediasia). Abdomen in females is furnished apically with very broad scales, not found in Pediasia.
Culladia is also close to Culladiella Blesz. from tropical Africa. The aedeagus in Culla- diella has no apical projections, and the female genitalia have no subostial bag-shaped projection; moreover, in the forewing mg is free.
The Neotropical Neoculladia Blesz. is externally very similar to C#/ladia. In the fore- wing rf, and ry are connate or shortly stalked (free in Culladia), and mg is absent in both fore- and hindwing. The valva in Neoculladia has a long ventral process and differently shaped pars basalis; the female genitalia are also different (cf. Bleszynski, 1967). However, in spite of considerable differences of the genitalia, Czlladia and Neo- culladia seem to be rather closely related.
Another genus which seems to be close to Cwlladza is Ptochostola Meyr., the type of which is dimidiatella Meyr. (junior synonym of microphaeella Walk.) from Australia. In Piochostola juxta is strongly elongated. The discrimination of females in Ptochostola is problematical. Jt should be noted that the South African Prochostola metascotiella Hinps. belongs to a distinct, still undescribed genus.
Microcrambon Blesz. from Reunion and Seychelles Is., the Neotropical Microcrambus Blesz. and Tortriculladia Blesz. are probably also closely related to Culladia.
Most species of Culladia are distributed over South and East Asia; another, but smaller, centre lies in tropical Africa. Some species are widely distributed. C. inconspicuella Snell. is known from East and West Africa, but also from the Seychelles Is. C. achroella occurs along East Africa from Sudan to Natal, and in Madagascar, Mauritius, and Reunion. C. serranella Hmps. is distributed in India and in the Philippine Is.
So far, no data on the biology and the early stages of any Culladia are known.
A list of species described in Cwlladta but subsequently transferred to other genera is found at the end of the present paper.
Four new species from South Asia, represented by single specimens, will be described when more material has been found.
Culladia Moore
Araxes Walker, 1863, List, Spec. lep. Ins. B.M. 27: 192 (preocc.).
Culladia Moore, 1866, Lep. Ceyl. 3: 383 (new name for Araxes Walk., type-species: Araxes admigratella Walker, 1863, selected by Moore, 1886: 382).
Crambidion Mabille 1899, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 68: 748 (type-species: Crambidion achroellum Mabille, by monotypy). (Synonymized by Shibuya, 1928: 44).
Culladia achroella (Mabille)
Crambidion achroellum Mabille, 1899, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 68: 748 (type-locality: Madagascar). Lectotype & (present designation): Madagascar, Antongil, slide 4008-Viette (MHNP).
48 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Culladia achroellum: Bleszynski & Collins, 1962, Acta zool. cracov. 7: 288. Culladia admigratella: auct. (nec Walker) (in part).
Length of forewing 6.0—8.5 mm. Ground-colour varying from grey to grey brown, variably dusted with brown scales; subterminal line delicate, often reduced; dentate; median line ill defined, marked by some irregular dark specks; area between the two transverse lines often whitish; m, and m, on a rather long stalk. Hindwing with mo distinct, long.
d' genitalia (Fig. 1). Aedeagus with two distinct apical thin projections, one distinctly protruding beyond the other; two very thin, long cornuti, one longer than the other; small patch of tiny spikes; pars basalis curved almost vertically to costa of valva.
Q genitalia (Fig. 4). Subostial bag large, with a rather distinct sclerite, which is, however, much reduced or even absent in some specimens; sig num absent; corpus bursae extending to 4th abdominal segment.
Distribution: Sudan; Ethiopia; Tanzania; Democratic Republic of the Congo; South Africa; Madagascar; Mauritius; Reunion.
Discussion. This species shows considerable variation in size, coloration, and maculation. The shape and size of the subostial bag-shaped projection in the female genitalia are also variable. C. achroella is externally virtually indistinguishable from C. inconspicualla and troglodytella, being easily distinguished by the genitalia of both sexes. C. inconspicnalla has a range overlapping that of achroella; in the female genitalia it has a distinct signum and in the male genitalia the pars basalis is differently twisted, as is shown in the figures; the problem of troglodytella is more complicated (see discussion under troglodytella). All records of C. admigratella from the African Region are referable either to C. achroella or to C. inconspicnella. Some large specimens of C. achroella can be confused with C. e/go- nella (for details see discussion under e/gonella).
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above. Sudan, Hudeiba, I, III, VIII, 34 g' 9 (ZSBM nd SB); Ethiopia, Gembi, 1500 m, XI 3, & (ZSBM and SB); Tanzania, Nyassa Lake 1 $ (VM); Kenya 1 & (BM); Congo, Elisabethville 2 ¢ 5 9 (BM, TM and SB); Rwankwi, North Lake Kivu 7 g 9, I, IV, XI (TM and SB); South Africa, Natal, Durban 2 G 1 9 (BM and SB); Pondoland 1 & (BM); Mauritius 1 & (BM); Madagascar 3 & 4 © (BM, PM and SB); Reunion 1 & (BM).
Culladia inconspicuella (Snellen)
Crambus inconspicuellus Snellen, 1872, Tijd. Ent. (2) 7: 102, PI. 8, Fig. 5 (type-locality: West Africa, Guinea, Banana). Holotype 4: “Afrika, Banana, v. Woerden 4; Museum Leiden, holotype. 1958, Crambus inconspicuellus Snellen, selected by E. G. Munroe; type; slide 3384-Leiden” (MNHL).
Culladia inconspicuella: Hampson, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895: 939.
Culladia admigratella: Hampson (nec Walker), 1908, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 1: 480.
Externally, virtually indistinguishable from C. achroella; forewing always grey.
d' genitalia (Fig. 2). Pars basalis twisted ventrad; apical projections of aedeagus about equal in length; one large, strongly curved cornutus, another long, straight cornutus with a heavily sclerotized basal extension and a small spined patch near apex of aedeagus.
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 50 49
Q genitalia (Fig. 5). Subostial projection larger than in C. achroella, without a distinct sclerite; ostium much larger than in C. achroella; signum distinct.
Distribution: Ivory Coast; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Ethiopia; Kenya; Congo; Seychelles Is.
Discussion. C. troglodytella has hitherto been generally considered as a junior synonym of inconspicuella; however, there is no justification for this opinion, because at least three Culladia species occur on the west coast of Africa, two of which are externally in- distinguishable from each other. The type of C. troglodytella has abdomen missing.
This species is easily distinguished by the presence of a signum and by the ventrad curved pars basalis.
Material examined. Holotype, data given above; Ivory Coast, Bingerville, VI—X, 22 d' ® (BM and SB); Sierra Leone, Freetown, VII, 4 $ (BM and SB); Kenya, Mombasa 3 8 (CU and SB); Ethiopia, Gembi 1 & (SB); Congo, Masembe and Masadi, IX, 2 & (TM); Seychelles Is. 1 & (BM).
Culladia troglodytella (Snellen)
Crambus troglodytellus Snellen, 1872, Tijdschr. Ent. (2) 7: 103, PI. 8, Fig. 6 (type-locality: West Africa, Guinea). Lectotype 4 (present designation): “Afrika, Ned. Guinea, v. Woerden”, abdomen missing (MNHL).
Culladia inconspicuella: auct. (nec Snellen) (in part).
Smaller than C. inconspicuella, otherwise similar to this species.
d' genitalia (Fig. 3). Pars basalis more than twice as large and as long as in C. incon- spicuella, strongly curved dorsad, at base not divided; one long cornutus.
Q unknown.
Distribution: Guinea; ? Nigeria.
Comments. I consider tentatively one g' from Nigeria as referable to the present species. Some females from Ghana and Kenya may be conspecific with the male from Nigeria. They have rather heavily sclerotized ductus bursae and differently shaped subostial bag.
Material examined. Nigeria 1 & (SB).
Culladia elgonella spec. nov.
Type-locality: Kenya, Mt. Elgon. Holotype g': “Mt. Elgon, K. C. Oct. 1950. E. Pin- hey”, slide 7561-BM (BM).
Length of forewing 8.5—12.0 mm; ground-colour light brown, pattern ill defined or reduced; m, and m, on a short stalk. Hindwing with m, vestigial.
d' genitalia (Fig. 10). Pars basalis divided in costal part; apical projections of aedeagus very short; apex of aedeagus densely spined; one slender cornutus, varying in length, and another cornutus, very small.
9 genitalia (Fig. 6). Ostium large; subostial bag-shaped projection much constricted at base, with a moderate, scobinate sclerite, which tends to be reduced in some specimens; no signum; corpus bursae extends to sixth abdominal segment.
Distribution: Kenya; Uganda; Congo; Cameroon.
Discussion. The new species is distinct from C. achroella and allies by brown coloration of the forewing, spined apex of the aedeagus, shorter cornuti, the absence of a constriction of the subostial projection, shorter ductus bursae, and other details as shown in the
50 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
figures. This species is similar in genitalia to C. serranella from South Africa (for details, see discussion under serranella).
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes: 5 &' Kenya, Mt. Elgon, X.1950 (E. Pinhey), slides 5432-SB, 5513-SB (BM and SB); 1 & 1 9 Kenya, Limuru, IX.1950 (Pinhey & Mitton), slide 5873-SB 9 (BM); 4 & Kenya, Mt. Kenya, Ragati, 6800 ft. 22.VIII.1941 (J. A. Riley), slides 11271-BM (venation), 11272-BM (BM and SB); 2 © Kenya, Eb Urru, 18.VII.1900 (C. S. Betton), slide 5862-SB (BM and SB); 2 g Kenya, Mt. Kenya, Nyere (Aluaud & Jeannel), 1.1912 (PM); 2 g° Uganda, Ruwenzori Range, Fort Portal and Ibanda, 4700—5000 ft., IX, XII and 1.1935 and 1952 (BM); 5 g Congo, North Lake Kivu, Rwankwi, I, IV and XI.1947—1948 (Mme Leroy), slides 6176-SBg', 6194-SB 9, 6197-SB 9, 6312-SB (TM and SB); 76 & 9, Came- roon, Manns Quelle, 7400 ft., I.II.1932 (M. Steele), slides 6289-SB 9, 6290-SB 9 ; 6291-SB 9, 6135-SBg, 6136-SBG and 11311-BM (BM and SB); 2 g° Mt. Cameroon, Musake, 6350 ft., I.1932 (M. Steele) (BM).
Culladia serranella spec. nov.
Type-locality: South Africa, Cape Colony. Holotype & : “Zuurberg, C. Colony (Bair- stow), 1901-224”, slide 11269-BM (BM).
Externally similar to C. elgonella but more greyish in colour.
d' genitalia (Fig. 11). Distinct from those in C. e/gonella as having only slight scobination on the apical part of the aedeagus, always two distinct cornuti, and generally stouter pars basalis.
© genitalia (Fig. 7). Ostium very narrow, subostial projection large, without sclerite and without the basal constriction typical of C. elgonella.
Distribution: South Africa.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes: 6 & Cape Colony, Zuuberg (Bairstow), slides 5440-SB, 5995-SB (BM and SB); 4 g° Cape Colony, Simons Town, X.1894 (P. de la Garde) (BM and SB); 4 & 3 9 Cape Colony, Mossel Bay, VIII, XII and 1.1932—1935 (R. E. Turner), slides 7888-BM 4, 11267-BM 9, 11268-BM (venation), 6287-SB (BM and SB); 2 g' 1 ® Cape Colony, Ceres, slides 11233-BM © and 5866-SB® (BM and SB); 14 & 9 Cape Colony, Swekendam, slides 6286-SB 9 and 6288-SBQ (BM and SB); 2 & South Africa, Annshaw, slides 11270-BM and 5589-SB (BM and SB); 1 9: “Capstadt” (SB); 1 & South Africa, Grahamstown (BM); 1 g': “Cape 97-185” (BM); 1 2: “Nordhoek Cape of Good Hope 5.V.64” (BM).
Culladia admigratella (Walker)
Araxes admigratella Walker, 1863, List Spec. lep. Ins. B.M. 27: 192 (type-locality: Ceylon). Lectotype & (present designation): “Ceylon; 57/48”, slide 1387-BM (BM). Culladia admigratella: Moore, 1886, Lep. Ceyl. 3: 383.
Externally, very similar to C. achroella. In forewing m, and m, on a rather long stalk. In hindwing my long, distinct.
d' genitalia (Fig. 12). Pars basalis divided, costal fold narrow, larger lobe large, rounded, on a narrow stem; aedeagus with one very long apical projection; cornutus absent.
uoznT “sy surddripryq ‘ssypvofusvg ‘ST ‘enewuns ‘adKopoy ‘vim pr ‘wessy ‘erpur ‘dojo ‘oppawuvsso “ET Swohay ‘ryporraBiupr TI ‘erv ymos ‘adMopoy ‘ryjouvssss ‘11 ‘eus ‘od4ojoy rpzuodja OT wepvypnD JO eıpepuad fen ‘SI—-0I ‘BI
51
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 50
52 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
Q genitalia (Fig. 8). Subostial projection without sclerite; ostium with two semi- circular, very indistinct sclerites; ductus bursae reduced; corpus bursae very long without a signum.
Distribution: Ceylon.
Discussion. As far as I know, all records of this species except those from Ceylon are referable to other Culladia species. The Swinhoe record of C. admigratella from Borneo (1900: 416) was based on the type of C. hastiferalis.
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above; 6 & 9 paralectotypes, Ceylon, slides 7101-BM G and 7102-BM 9 (one with abdomen missing) (BM); 8 d 2 Ceylon (BM and SB).
Culladia assamella spec. nov.
Type-locality: India, Assam, Margherita. Holotype g': “Margherita, Assam. Coll. Doherty, 1888; Holland Collection”, slide 5982-SB (CM).
Externally similar to admigratella, except venation. In forewing m, absent, in hind- wing mo absent.
g genitalia (Fig. 13). Pars basalis divided, spine long, curved, slightly sigmoid; aedeagus with one short apical projection and a distinct, subapical dorsal projection clothed with numerous, delicate bristles; one long, slender, slightly bent cornutus.
Q unknown.
Distribution: India, Assam.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes: 2 S same data as holotype, slide 5897-SB (CM and SB); 1 g Upper Assam, 1800 ft. (Doherty), slide 11236-BM (BM).
Culladia miria spec. nov.
Type-locality: Sumatra. Holotype & : “F. 11.1894, Sumatra Sockar D.”, slide 5334-SB (SB).
Externally similar to admigratella; smaller (length of forewing 5.5 mm). Wing- venation as in admigratella, m; in hindwing long.
3 genitalia (Fig. 14). Distinct from those of C. admigratella and allies by strong, narrow, tape’ing, curved ventrad pars basalis; aedeagus with two distinct apical pro- jections, one of which much longer than the other; cornutus absent.
® unknown.
Distribution: Sumatra.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above.
Culladia hastiferalis (Walker) comb. nov.
Scopula hastiferalis Walker, 1865, List Spec. lep. Ins. B.M. 34: 1473 (type-locality: Borneo, Sarawak). Lectotype 2 (present designation): “SAR”, slide 7541-BM (BM). Culladia admigratella: Swinhoe (nec Walker), 1900, Cat. Eastern Austral. Lep.: 416.
In colour and maculation virtually indistinguishable from admigratella and allies. How- ever, the wing-venation has very unusual combination of m, missing in the forewing and present in the hindwing.
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 50 53
d' genitalia (Fig. 15). Pars basalis distinctly subdivided into a strong basal lobe and a strongly dorsad-curved, large, tapering, pointed spine; aedeagus with two distinct apical projections, one much shorter than the other; one cornutus very long, tapering, sharply pointed, and rather curved and another short, very broad, also curved and slightly tapering; a patch of very tiny apical cornuti present.
9 genitalia (Fig. 9). Subostial projection long, at base with indistinct patch of scobi- nations; atrium bursae with two rounded, minutely spined swellings; signum distinct.
Distribution: Borneo; Sumatra; Java; Celebes; Moluccas; New Guinea; Formosa; Philippine Is., Luzon.
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above; lectoparatypes: 4 9: “SAR”, one, slide 7103-BM (BM); 6 G 13 © Sumatra (LM and SB); 1 & Java (SB); 2 & Celebes (BM and SB); 2 ¢ Schouten Is., Dutch New Guinea (OM and SB); 1 ¢ Philippine Is., Luzon, Mt. Makiling (BM); 24 Moluccas, Ternate, 10.11.1954 (A. H. G. Alston) (BM); 1 & 1 @ Formosa (BM).
Culladia hanna spec. nov.
Type-locality: New Britain: Holotype g': “Rain Forest nr. Keravat, New Britain, Nov. 7.1957, Munroe & Holland”, slide 5076-SB (OM).
Externally similar to C. hastiferalis, except for the presence of mg in the forewing, stalked with m3.
d' genitalia (Fig. 16). Pars basalis, a rather short, tapering, twisted ventrad hook; aedeagus very thick, with two distinct apical rods; one very large, strongly curved cornutus, with a broad, projected base, one shorter and very thin; and two tiny cornuti.
Q genitalia (Fig. 18). Subostial projection distinct, with a very large, delicately spined sclerite in form of a bent fold; ductus bursae very thin; signum present.
Distribution: New Britain; New Guinea; Hainan; Java; Sumatra; St. Matthias I.; Solomon Is.
Type-material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes: 2 & 2 9 same locality as holotype, one, slide 5077-SB & (OM and SB); 4 g 1 2 St. Matthias I., VI—VII.1923 (A. F. Eichhorn), slides 5456-SB g, 5814-SB 9, 5783-SB (venation) (BM and SB); 6 & 1 2 Hainan, Taipinshi, VIII.1905, slides 5782-SBg and 5764-SBQ (BM and SB); 1 9 Sumatra, XI, slide 5259-SB (SB); 1 & Sumatra, Fort de Kock, 920 m, IV. 1921 (E. Jacobson) (LM); 2 9 Java, Batavia (LM); 1 & Java, Pekalongan (LM); 1 g West Java, slide 4390-SB (SB); 1 4 New Guinea, 17.IX, slide 4389-SB (SB); 2 @ Solomon Is. III—IV.1944 (J. G. Franclemont), slides 5847-SB and 5854-SB (CU and SB).
Culladia tonkinella spec. nov.
Type-locality: China, Tonkin. Holotype g': “Hoa Binh Tonkin (De Cooman)”, slide 5435-SB (PM).
In colour and maculation similar to C. hastiferalis and allies; m, in fore- and hindwing absent.
d' genitalia (Fig. 17). Pars basalis, a very short, finger-shaped process at two-sevenths from base of valva; aedeagus thick with two short apical projections, one distinctly longer than the other; several thin cornuti.
54
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S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 50 55
® genitalia (Fig. 19). Subostial projection distinct, without sclerite; ostium with a scobinate, rather heavily sclerotized patch; signum present.
Distribution: China, Tonkin; Java; Sumatra.
Type-material. Holotype g', data given above; paratypes 2 G' 1 9 same data as holo- type, slides 5770-SB G and 5771-SB 9 (PM and SB); 1 g' Java, Bogor, 20.IX.1954 (A. H. Alston), slide 11277-BM (BM); 1 g' Sumatra, Fort de Kock, IX.1921 (E. Ja- cobson) (LM).
Culladia evae spec. nov.
Type-locality: Philippine Is., Luzon. Holotype © : ‘Manila, Luzon, 15 November 1913 (A. E. Wileman)”, genitalia preserved in a gelatine capsule (BM).
Similar to C. hastiferalis and allies; in forewing m, absent; in hindwing m, absent, as in C. tonkinella.
9 genitalia (Fig. 20). Distinct from those in hastiferalis and allies by broad ductus bursae; subostial projection present, without sclerite; atrium bursae broad, delicately wrinkled and scobinate; ductus bursae wrinkled; no signum.
d unknown.
Distribution: Philippine Is.; Java; New Guinea; Hainan; Palau Is.
Examined material. Holotype, data given above; paratypes: 1 9 Philippine Is., Luzon, Rizal, Montalban, 7.1.1914 (A. E. Wileman) (BM); 1 9 Luzon, Mt. Makiling (Baker) (SB); 3 @ Philippine Is., Los Banos (Baker), slides 5841-SB, 5860-SB and 57861-SB (USNM); 2 2 Hainan, Nodoa, slides 5069-SB and 5843-SB (CU and SB); 1 9 Palau Is., Koror, 4.V.1957, slide 5161-SB (OM); 2 9 Java, slide 5812 (LM); 2 9 Dutch New Guinea, Ajamaroe, Vogelkop, VI.1952 (L. D. Brongersma & W. J. Roosdorp), slides 5838-SB and 5834-SB (OM, LM).
This species is dedicated to my wife, Eva.
Culladia suffusella Hampson
Culladia suffusella Hampson, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895: 925 (type-locality: India, Nilghi- ris). Lectotype & (present designation): “Nilgiris, Hampson Coll. 89—129”, slide 7542-BM (BM).
Length of forewing 7.3—10.5 mm; ground-colour brown; m, absent. In hindwing my absent.
d' genitalia (Fig. 25). Pars basalis, a strongly tapering and curved, oblique hook; aedeagus armed with two asymmetrical, apical spines; one small cornutus.
Q genitalia (Fig. 21). Ostium bursae with an ill defined, heavily sclerotized patch; subostial projection present, slightly sclerotized; signum absent.
Distribution: India; Philippine Is.
Discussion. This species was based on an unspecified number of specimens from India, Nilghiris, and Madagascar. I could not trace the Madagascar syntypes in the collection of the British Museum (N.H.); they obviously belonged to C. achroella.
Fig. 16-24. Genitalia of Calladia and Ptochostola. 16, C. hanna &, paratype, New Guinea; 17, C.
tonkinella 3, paratype, China, Tonkin; 18, C. hanna ®, paratype, Sumatra; 19, C. tonkinella 9,
paratype, China, Tonkin; 20, C. evae 9, paratype, New Guinea; 21, C. suffusella 9, Philippine Is.
Luzon; 22, C. cuneiferella 9, Norfolk I.; 23, C. dentilinealis 2, Nepal; 24, Ptochostola asaphes ®, syntype, North Australia
56 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 50 57
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above; lectoparatypes: 3 Q India, Nilghiris (BM and SB); 3 ® South India, Uttamapalayam, X-XI (BM and SB); 1 g Nepal (ZSBM); 20 & @ Philippine Is., Luzon, Benguet, XI-XII (A. E. Wileman) (BM and SB).
Culladia cuneiferella (Walker)
Crambus cuneiferellus Walker, 1863, List Spec. lep. Ins. B.M. 27: 175 (type-locality: Sydney). Lectotype & (selected by Bleszynski, 1966: 486): “Sidney 47/73”, abdomen missing (BM).
Ptochostola cuneiferella: Bleszynski & Collins, 1962? Acta zool. cracov. 7: 348.
Culladia cuneiferella: Bleszynski, 1966, Acta zool. cracov. 11: 486.
Similar to C. suffusella; some specimens with a longitudinal, light stripe in forewing; m, in fore- and hindwing present.
d' genitalia (Fig. 26). Pars basalis, a strong, oblique, tapering, finger-shaped process with rounded apex; aedeagus with two apical tapering flaps; a rather short, straight cornutus and another bifurcate cornutus.
Q genitalia (Fig. 22). Ostium bursae faintly scobinate; subostial projection long, with two ill defined, rather heavily sclerotized patches; ductus bursae very long; no signum.
Distribution: Australia, New South Wales; New Caledonia; Norfolk Is.; New Hebrides; Loyalty Is. Turner also recorded this species from North Australia and Queens- land.
Discussion. This species is similar externally to Prochostola asaphes Turner (genitalia Fig. 24), from North Australia, which, however, has no m, in the fore- and hindwing. The generic position of P. asaphes is obscure, since only a female of this species is known. Perhaps it too is a member of Culladia.
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above; lectoparatypes: 2 9 (abdomens missing), Sydney (BM); 9 G £ Sydney I-V, X (BM and SB); 18 4 £ Norfolk Is. V-VII.1939 (L. McCormish) (BM and SB); 3 @ New Hebrides, Aneityum and Santo (BM and SB); 1 9 Loyalty Is., E. Lifu I. (BM); 2 Q New Caledonia, Puebo X.1940 (L. E. Cheesman) (BM).
Culladia paralytica (Meyrick) comb. nov.
Crambus paralyticus Meyrick, 1932, Exotic Microlep. 4: 245 (type-locality: Fiji, Lautoka). Lecto- type & (present designation): “Fiji Is. Lautoka, 10.VIII.1927, H. Phillips; Crambus paralyticus sp.n. E. Meyrick det.”, slide 5549BM (BM).
Length of forewing 7.0 mm; mg stalked with mg; ground-colour dirty white, transverse lines indistinct. In hindwing m, present.
d' genitalia (Fig. 27). Pars basalis resembling that in C. admigratella, but broader at base; cucullus rather broad; aedeagus with one apical projection; one large, sigmoid cornutus and another very small.
9 genitalia not studied.
Distribution: Fiji.
Discussion. This species was based on four specimens; of these, 1 g'° and 1 2 are
Fig. 25—28. Male genitalia of Culladia. 25, suffusella, Philippine Is. Luzon; 26, cuneiferella, Norfolk I.; 27, paralytica, lectotype, Fiji; 28, dentilinealis, Nepal
58 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 1, 1970
preserved in the British Museum (N.H.); I was unable to locate the remaining two syn- types.
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above; 1 @ paralectotype, Fiji, slide 5624- BM (location of slide unknown).
Culladia dentilinealis Hampson
Culladia dentilinealis Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3: 286 (type-locality: India, Punjab). Lectotype ® (present designation): “Simla, 7000 ft. Aug. 98, Pilcher”, slide 7149-BM (BM).
Length of forewing 7.5—10.0 mm; grey, with basal area darkened; subterminal line dentate, white, distinct; m, present. In hindwing mo present.
d' genitalia (Fig. 28). Valva with a long, tapering, curved hook originating from the ventral part of base of valva; aedeagus without apical projections; a very long, thin cornutus and a sigmoid, long row of small cornuti.
9 genitalia (Fig. 23). Atrium bursae bulbose, lightly sclerotized; subostial projection absent; ductus bursae with minute scobinations in middle part; no signum.
Distribution: Punjab; Nepal.
Material examined. Lectotype, data given above; 1 © lectoparatype, same data, abdomen missing; 8 g' Q Nepal, Prov. 3 East, Junbesi, VII.1964 (W. Dierl) (ZSBM and SB).
Culladia albimedialis Hampson
Culladia albimedialis Hampson, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3: 276 (type-locality: Queens- land). Holotype &: “Peak Downs 87—88; Culladia albimedialis type 6 Tmpsn.”, abdomen missing.
Forewing pale brown yellowish with a costal white stripe; mo stalked; in hindwing mo absent.
It is impossible to define the generic position of this species, as the unique type- specimen lacks the abdomen.
LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED in Culladia MOORE, BUT TRANSFERRED TO OTHER CRAMBINAE GENERA
Culladia belliferens Dyar, 1914, Mexico, referable to Tortriculladia Blesz.
Culladia bipunctella Wileman & South, 1917, Formosa, referable to Modestza Blesz. Culladia castrella Schaus, 1922, Brazil, referable to Microcrambus Blesz.
Culladia eucosmella Dyar, 1914, Panama, referable to Tortriculladia Blesz.
Culladia francescella Schaus, 1922, West Indies, referable to Microcrambus Blesz. Culladia habanella Schaus, 1922, Cuba, referable to Fisszcrambus minuellus (Walk.). Culladia innotalis Hampson, 1919, China, referable to Pseudocatharylla Blesz. Culladia irroralis Hampson, 1919, Kenya, referable to Epzchilo Rag.
Culladia niphosella Hampson, 1908, Trinidad, referable to Microcrambus Blesz. Culladia psythiella Schaus, 1913, Costa Rica, referable to Microcrambus Blesz. Culladia mignonette Dyar, 1914, French Guyana, referable to Tortriculladia Blesz. Culladia sinuimargo Hampson, 1919, Transvaal, referable to Culladiella Blesz.
S. BLESZYNSKI: Crambinae, part 50 59
Culladia sordidella Marion, 1957, Dahomey, referable to Caffrocrambus Blesz. Culladia szetschwanella Caradja, 1931, China, referable to Modestia Blesz.
REFERENCES
-Bleszynski, S., 1965, Studies on the Crambinae (Lepidoptera), Part 43. Further taxonomic notes on some tropical species. Acta zool. cracov. 11: 451—497, pls. 40, 41, 55 figs.
, 1967, Studies on the Crambinae (Lepidoptera). Part 44. New Neotropical genera and species. Preliminary check-list of Neotropical Crambinae. Acta zool. cracov. 12: 39—110, pls. 11—14, 80 figs.
, 1970, New genera and species of Crambinae (Studies on the Crambinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) Part 48). Tijdschr. Ent. 111—26, 48 figs.
Hampson, G. F., 1896, On the classification of the Schoenobiinae and Crambinae, two subfamilies
of moths, of the family Pyralidae. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895: 897—974, 52 figs.
—, 1908, On the moths collected during the cruise of the “Vachalla” during the winter 1905—
06 by Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 1: 474—492. —, 1919, Descriptions of new Pyralidae of the subfamilies Crambinae and Siginae. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 3: 275—292.
Mabille, P., 1899, Lepidoptera nova Malgassica et Africana. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 68: 723—753.
Meyrick, E., 1932, Exotic Microlepidoptera 4: 193—252.
Moore, F., 1886, Lepidoptera of Ceylon, 3: 305—392, pls. 172—195, London.
Shibuya, J., 1928, The systematic study of the Formosan Pyralidae. J. Fac. agric. Hokkaido Univ. 22:
1—1300, pis. 1-9. Snellen, P. C. T., 1872, Bijdrage tot de Vlinder-fauna van Neder-Guinea. Tijdschr. Ent. 15: 1—110. pls. 1-8.
Swinhoe, C., 1900; Catalogue of Eastern and Australian Lepidoptera Heteocera in the collection of
the Oxford University Museum. Part II. VI + 630 pp, 18 pls., Oxford.
Walker, F., 1863, List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British
Museum. Part. 27, Crambites and Tortricites, 286 pp., London.
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R. H. CoBBEN. — Morphology and taxonomy of Intertidal Dwarfbugs (Heteroptera : Omaniidae fam. nov.), pp. 61—90, Figs. 1—13.
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MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF INTERTIDAL DWARF- BUGS (HETEROPTERA : OMANIIDAE FAM. NOV.) *)
by R. H. COBBEN
Laboratory of Entomology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands ABSTRACT
The present revision of Omania has resulted in the following classification: Omania coleoptrata Horväth 1915, Corallocoris (gen. nov.) marksae (Woodward 1958) (= samoensis (Kellen 1960) syn. nov.), C. satoî (Miyamoto 1963), C. nauruensis (Herring & Chapman 1967). Omania Hor- vath 1915 is raised to family rank (Omaniidae fam. nov.) on the basis of egg, larval, external and internal adult structures of the species reviewed. New distributional and habitat records, and a key are given. Characteristics described include the mouthparts, salivary pump, pharynx pump, meta- thoracic scent-gland, grasping structure of the male and genital organs. Data from other families are compared. The relationship of Omaniidae to other leptopodoid families is schematized in an evolutionary diagram.
CONTENTS Introduction MEAN Ab RI berber RE ue annie RS a O2 IRELAXONOMNYMONELENEra andy species 6 NO 02 (GÉTÉTA TT e N SE Poy IO go LAA VE RENT Rr O2 SPECIES IN MAMA RIT MON Me EEEN OA Keyatonspecies based ontexternalMcharacters LE 168 TEA GVA CR RE ORE ESTE fe II un e e ti RES PS CS 69, Fabia Sa EAU, RO aaa Ale a Mz II. Morphology, taxonomic rank and phylogeny of the group. . . . . . . +. 73 egg Li SUS Me a er 73 9 VAN FR A SRO STAI CONTI ENT Al EN NE I RI EE Nt Oz MOEN Oe zi ooo ze Tl head external Mer IE Bag ge Re VE be oren Wte ee RTS internal Ae I a en ATEN NEZ Paty Ose pet Clee Eg ED TD styletssandBleversann ME en Tee AOS Salivaryapump we MTA Sh e APA ARTE NEEN EE IT SO metathoraciguscent-cland RT PONS CENSURE ER 80. WE en Bent BUR So AE LE be BEVAT Eer NEN AREA TT Pl reed abdomen tamed ean ENE ENEN er Ra AOC EI Pregenitalestructures ET TL genitalbstruckuresue ENE EAA NE NNS 3, femal pegs sets SA et nde NI MARTE ee oi ee le Goneludins@remarksun rn u ie EN EEE inde NEN ee ANNO RSG TINEAcknowledgementsuentue Rennen LA MATE LS VTE EAT 2e a SO WABI TECA LELLA O ENNE EEE Ante 7. HATE OAT aie AI OEREN OO)
*) Dedicated to the Dutch hemipterist Dr. H. C. Blöte on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
61
62 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970
INTRODUCTION
Omania species are minute (1.2—1.6 mm) and live secretively in the intertidal zone. Hence they have been rarely collected in the past. Only five species have been described: 1. O. coleoptrata Horváth 1915 (Oman Gulf and Red Sea), 2. O. marksae Woodward 1958 (NE Australia), 3. O. samoensis Kellen 1960 (Samoa, Polynesia), 4. O. sato; Miyamoto 1963 (Japan), 5. O. naurnensis Herring & Chapman 1967 (Nauru, Micro- nesia).
These tiny dark bugs superficially resemble Schizopteridae, but certainly have no phy- logenetic relationship with them. Since the genus was erected, Omania has been placed in Saldidae. Arguments will be given below to establish it in a separate, though related family. Of the type species, O. coleoptrata, only two specimens were known. Through recent rediscovery of the species, material came available for dissection, enabling adequate comparisons with some of the later described species. As a result it seems necessary to consider Omania as a monobasic genus and to create a new generic name to accommo- date the species other than coleoptrata. The taxonomic status of O. marksae and samoen- sis is discussed in view of newly discovered localities of the former.
I. TAXONOMY OF GENERA AND SPECIES
GENERA
From the original descriptions it already seemed that the known species of Omania form two groups on the basis of external features. O. coleoptrata is separated from the other recorded species by the large, sharply triangular head collar and by the absence of any suture on the coriaceous fore wings. Scrutiny of other, specially internal structures of O. coleoptrata and marksae revealed a number of differences which set the two species more widely apart than initially thought. The discrepancies are even more striking than those which are often used as generic limits in other families, for instance Saldidae, Gerridae. Therefore it is proposed to establish a new genus, distinguished from Omania sensu stricto by the following diagnosis.
Corallocoris genus novum
Collum-like area of the head demarcated from the vertex by a broadly arcuate line (Fig. 6B). Fore wing with claval and R + M suture (Fig. 2G). Grasping structure of d marked by a deep laterotergal cleft in the third abdominal segment, which fits against a pleural projection of the preceding segment (Fig. 2 K-M). Ponticulus basalis of phal- lus without dorsal projection (Fig. 111).
Type species, Omania marksae Woodward.
Fig. 1A-F: Omania coleoptrata. A-C: type specimen (®) of Dollfusella minutissima (the Paris Museum); D: male abdomen, lateral, genital segments omitted; E: optical section through hemi- elytral pit; F: base of hemielytron, ventral. 2 A-O: Corallocoris marksae, paratype specimens. A: lateral view; B: ventral view of thorax, coxae and wing of left side omitted; C, D: pygophore, dorsal and lateral; E: rostrum; F: hind leg; G: base of hemielytron, ventral; H: abdomen of female, lateral; I: posterior view of pronotum; J: pronotum, obliquely lateral; K-M: base of male abdomen; K: lateral; L: ventral; M: dorsal; N: scutellum, ventral; O: head, front view. ch, cephalic collar; cp, pronotal collar; cx, coxa; el, external laterotergite; ep, episternum; f, fovea; gs, grasping structure; p, pit; s, sensillum; sp, spiracle
R. H. COBBEN: Intertidal dwarfbugs
63
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64 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970
Omania Horväth, 1915 Collum-like area of the head demarcated from the vertex by a line which makes a sharp triangular incision anteromedially (Fig. 1A, 6A). Fore wing lacks claval and R + M suture. Grasping structure g' rather simple (Fig. 1D). Ponticulus basalis of phallus with a dorsal bridge-like projection (Fig. 12 C, E). Type species, Omania coleoptrata Horváth, 1915.
SPECIES Omania coleoptrata Horväth, 1915
Horväth (1915) described the species from a single female specimen (Arabia: Muscat in Prov. Oman, May 1902, leg. L. Biró), which was deposited in the Hungarian Museum, Budapest. Unfortunately it could not be traced in that Museum and Dr. Soös assumed (litt.pers., 1958) that it must have been destroyed during the uprising in 1956. Drake (1961) has given a short note on the distribution of O. coleoptrata referring to his own collection material. The Drake Collection is now in the Smithsonian Institution, so I wrote to Dr. Froeschner, Curator of the Division of Hemiptera of that Institution, asking him about locality records of the species Dr. Drake had mentioned. The locality data conformed precisely with those given by Horväth (1915) in his original description of the species. Dr. Froeschner wrote to me (April 1969): “Thanks to the information you supplied, I now feel confident that the specimen in the Drake Collection must, indeed, be the lone type specimen of Horväth. Drake and Horväth had a long cor- respondence with many exchanges and loans of specimens. Perhaps Drake concluded the specimen to be part of an exchange and not the type because he marked it ‘paratype’.
The type of Omania coleoptrata definitely belongs to the Hungarian Museum and must be returned to it”.
Through the kind cooperation of Dr. Froeschner (Washington) and of Dr. Soös (Budapest), I had the opportunity to study the Horväth specimen on its way to its legitimate location. It proved to be a male, and not a female. Measurements of this holotype are given in Table I (spec. a). The hairs of the specimen are largely rubbed off, legs and antennae are concealed by the glue, the left fore and hind leg, as well as all tarsal segments are broken off. Because of the rather poor condition of this unique specimen from Oman, the material from the Red Sea region to be mentioned below can only provisionally be considered as conspecific.
The second specimen known was described by China (1938) as Dollfusella minutis- sima (Egypt: Island of Senafir at the southern extremity of the Sinai Peninsula, leg. R. Dollfus, 15.1V.1928). In 1943, Poisson & Poisson synonymized D. minutissima with O. coleoptrata. I restudied this single specimen in the Paris Museum. Despite the statement in the original description that it was a male, it proved to be a female. In addition to the excellent general figure presented by China, some external details of this specimen are given (Fig. 1 A-C).
Recently, the species was rediscovered and collected in moderate numbers by Linna- vuori (3.X.1962, Red Sea coast, 50 km N. of Mersa Alam, Egypt; see Linnavuori, 1964) and by Riedle & Kirstener (1961/62, Al-Ghardaqa, Egypt; see Schuster, 1965). Data of some specimens are given in a list with measurements (Table I spec. b-e) and in the illustrations (Fig. 1 A-F, 3, GA, 12). The differences from the other omaniid
65
R. H. COBBEN: Intertidal dwarfbugs
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66 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970
species are presented in the key on p. 69. The known distribution so far comprises only the Oman Gulf of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea coast with certainty. The statement of Drake (1961, p. 303) that O. coleoptrata inhabits the seacoasts of the holomediterranean region must be an inaccurate interpretation of the literature. When asked to elucidate his information, the late Dr. Drake replied to Schuster (1965) that he had a specimen is his collection labelled mediterranean area’. On my request Dr. Froeschner checked the Drake Collection for O. coleoptrata. However, the type specimen from Oman, mentioned above, appeared to be the only representative. It seems therefore likely that Omaniidae do not occur along the Mediterranean coast, especially as Schuster (1965) failed to discover representatives in his inspections of the littoral fauna of the western and eastern coast of that region.
Corallocoris marksae (Woodward, 1958) and the identity of C. samoensis (Kellen, 1960)
Woodward (1958) described the species from a series of specimens from a northern and a southern locality in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. New captures of the species show that it has a very wide distribution. I received from Dr. Carayon 3 9 collected by Mr. J. Plessis along the west coast of New Caledonia and 24 from Dr. C. H. Fernando, collected by Dr. D. H. Murphy along the seashore of the southern part of Singapore, Labrador Beach, Febr., 1961. A new rich locality was discovered by Dr. Murphy in Pulau Blakang Mati, Singapore (26.V.1969), where he collected about 60 specimens and 1 larva. These specimens were carefully compared with cotypes of C. marksae and no other conclusion could be drawn than that they are conspecific. In 1968 I suggested on the basis of external characters and of structure of the eggs, that C. samoensis could be synonymous with C. marksae. Kellen (1960, p. 496) summarized the differences from C. marksae: “the irregular light areas on the hemelytra are much bluer in marksae and more silvery in samoensis; the fine setae on the head of marksae are silvery, while in the present species they are golden; the second antennal segment of marksae is infuscated on the apical half [Woodward expressed this as follows: "apex of segment two brownish black”, which need not to be the ’apical half’, R.C.], while the same segment of the present species is entirely stramineous”.
These are only minor colour differences. In many Saldidae such features vary between widely separated populations of one species. Moreover, I could not confirm the distinc- tions as constantly in combination, when studying paratypes of marksae and samoensis. Part of the collection from Singapore is intermediate between the Samoa and Australian specimens in the slight colour differences.
One could argue that prolonged disjunction of two populations of a non-flying insect would cause divergence in any case. Omaniidae are known so far only from the strongly semibrachypterous form (for terminology see Cobben, 1960) and hind wings are absent. Long-winged forms have never been found in intertidal saldids like Aepophilus, Pentacora and Orthophrys. In semibrachypterous species of Salda and Halosalda, macropterous animals are generally rare. The reduction of the fore wing in Omaniidae amounts to complete obscuration of the membrane and it is assumed that the present distribution of the species had already long existed. The initial conclusion that the po- pulations from Samoa were morphologically conspecific with those of Australia (distance about 2700 km), suggests C. marksae to be a genetically highly stable species. The recent attributions from N. Caledonia (about 1400 km from the Great Barrier Reef in the
R. H. CoBBEn: Intertidal dwarfbugs 67
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Be -
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Sa) Ber LET
Fig. 3. A-C: O. coleoptrata, posterior view of adult legs; A, B, C: for, mid, hind leg, respectively; D: trochanter of larva V. 4. A-C: C. marksae, legs 1-3 of adult, aft aspect; B: mid leg showing articulation and tendons for muscle insertion. s, sensillum; sa, setose area
68 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970
direction of Samoa) and from Singapore (about 4000 km in the opposite direction) confirms that we have here only one species. I herewith conclude to the following: Corallocoris marksae (Woodward 1958) — C. samoensis (Kellen 1969) syn. nov. The species will certainly be discovered along other coastal margins of the continent and islands in the Indian and Pacific Ocean.
The few, more or less intertidal Saldidae have a restricted distribution (Aepophilus, limited part of European Atlantic coast; Orthophrys, Atlantic coast of Morocco, Portugal; Pentacora, Mexican Gulf). These represent relic species of a more evolved family. As will be shown in section II, Omania and Corallocoris form a distinct clade group, away from the root of the Saldidae. Omaniidae, as denizens of a special ecological niche (survey on p. 71), for wich they are extremely well adapted by size, have probably remained evolutionarily static. In contrast to the numerous and genetically adaptable Saldidae, the few species of Omaniidae would not have had to compete with more advanced members of their own family.
Corallocoris nauruensis (Herring & Chapman, 1967)
This species from south-eastern Micronesia stands close to C. marksae. It is distin- guished from the latter by the prunose coloration extending largely over pronotum and scutellum and by the slit-like median division of the pronotal dome. I could not confirm the morphometric differences given in the original description. The eyes of C. nauruensis are said to be proportionally longer and the scutellum smaller relative to other species. My measurements suggest no significant difference from other species. The posterior margin of the eye is said to extend beyond the posterior margin of the pronotal collar in C. nauruensis. In part of the series of C. marksae from Malaya it does, in another part it does not; this apparently depends on the angle of the head when the specimens are preserved.
Corallocoris satoi (Miyamota, 1963)
Omania satoi is placed here under Corallocoris on the basis of the shape of the head collar and the presence of two sutures on the forewing. These characters appear from the original description of the single female known. The generic assignment must be pre-
liminary, until the two characters of the male, given in the generic diagnosis on p. 62, are checked.
KEY TO SPECIES BASED ON EXTERNAL CHARACTERS
Herring & Chapman (1967) presented a key to all the known species. They did not use the presence or absence of sutures in the hemielytra but stressed the relative size of the eye. In fact they start the key with this character which is difficult to assess for routine identification. Moreover, eye size is not distinctive between species. The species coleoptrata, satoi, marksae should have small eyes (width x 0.66 or less the width of the vertex at level of ocelli); manrzensis and samoensis should have large eyes (x 0.8 or more). Thus marksae and samoensis fall into different groups, but I have now synonymi- zid them. The character was checked in 4 paratypes of samoensis andin 5 of marksae
R. H. COBBEN: Intertidal dwarfbugs 69
and I found the indexes the same and with the same variation, viz. 0.65—0.8. The index varies in 4 specimens of O. coleoptrata from 0.6—0.67. The authors of the key give as first difference between nauruensis and samoensis: length of eye almost 1.5, as against no more than 1.25 length of pronotum, respectively. I found ratios of 1.35, 1.5 and 1.5 ín specimens from Samoa and the averages of 5 individuals, given by Kellen, are 1.46 (2) and 1.54 ({).
A new key for the identification of Omaniidae is suggested here.
1. Collar of head sharply projecting medially into the vertex region (Fig. 6A). Ocelli not circular (Fig 6A). An without sutures. Femora entirely stramineous (Red Sea, Gulf of Oman). . . . + + + Omania coleoptrata Horváth
— Collar of head with soad arcuate anterior margin (Fig. 6B). Ocelli circular (Fig. 6B). Forewing with two longitudinal sutures (Fig. Femora dark with light apex . . 2
2. Bristle of head in Front of pate 1 (ie 6A); bete 3 not arising Pen light je Fourth segment of antenna twice as long as third segment (Tokara Islands, Japan).
Corallocoris satoi (Miyamoto)
CR 1 sl 2 DE id ina Sita fine (Fig. 6B); bristle 3 arising from a light
slightly elevated spot (Fig. 6B). Fourth segment of antenna 1.2—1.7 length of seg-
ment three. . . . RR n >, 3. Pronotum and entel mba Median es A Kama ne is a simple pit (Samoa, New Caledonia, Australia, Malaya) . . Corallocoris marksae (Woodward)
— Pronotum and scutellum with light pattern. Median fovea of pronotal dome divides the dome posteriorly (Nauru Island, Micronesia). . 3 Corallocoris nauruensis (Herne & Chapman)
Beside the internal characters given in the generic diagnosis (p. 62, 64) and the exter- nal features given above, further differences of O. coleoptrata from C. marksae and C. nauruensis are: Dorsal hairiness somewhat denser and longer in coleoptrata. Bristles of head and pronotum brownish and more hair-like in coleoptrata; black, robust, more spiny in marksae and nauruensis. Cephalic bristle 3 on same level as the weak differentiation demarcating postclypeus from frons in coleoptrata (Fig. GA), posterior of it in marksae (Fig. 6B) and naurzensis. Hemielytra more slender and uniform black, sometimes apical half with ashen gray bloom in coleoptrata, wider and with pruinose areas in marksae and nauruensis. Lateral hairs of tibiae longer than spines in coleoptrata (Fig. 3), shorter in marksae (Fig. 4) and nauruensis, which have more robust spines. Third abdominal spiracle of 9 on pleural line in coleoptrata, below in marksae (Fig. 2H) and nauruensis; spiracles 4—7 on pleural membrane in coleoptrata, on laterotergites in marksae and nauruensis. When more material of C. satoi has become available, it can be decided how far these secondary features can be considered generic characteristics.
Larvae
Woodward (1958) described and drew the larval instars II-V of C. marksae. Kellen (1960) illustrated instar I and V of C. samoensis which is, as shown above, identical with C. marksae. Larva V of Omania coleoptrata is now at hand (Red Sea coast, Egypt) and shown in Fig. 8C. Comparison with Fig. 8A (instar V of C. marksae)
70 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970
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reveals discrepancies in number and arrangement of the primary hairs. These hairs form a distinct pattern on the abdomen, and O. coleoptrata has about half as many as C. marksae. However, small secondary hairs are more numerous in O. coleoptrata. This dif- ference in chaetotaxy is generically significant. In Saldidae differences between genera are usually of a much lower order. Omaniid larvae lack a larval organ, which occurs in many Saldidae (Cobben 1957, 1959). The two adults of C. marksae from Singapore were accompanied by one small larva. A close study of this revealed a larval organ, so that I initially considered the omaniid adults to belong to a new taxon. Larval organs, however, always leave traces in the adults cuticle, as I have found in many Saldidae. Since the Singapore adults lack any spur of the organ, I conclude that the larva in question could not be omaniid, but is a saldid of unknown identity. A re-check of the chaetotaxy confirmed this conclusion. The second large sample of C. marksae, recently received from Singapore, contained one larva V which in fact lacked the larval organ.
Habitat
Omaniidae, for which I suggest the popular name ‘intertidal dwarf- bugs’ inhabit a particular ecological niche. They seem to occur always in a solid substrate with fine cavities to which the bugs can retreat during flooding by high tide. The substrate com- prises coral rocks and pinnacles (Australia (321), Red Sea (20), Micronesia (15), probably on Tokara Islands, Japan (22)), vulcanic rocks (Samoa (17)), and granite, Singapore (23). Schuster (1965) records O. coleoptrata from the foundations and loose rubble from walls of the old ruined building of the Marine Biological Station of Al-Ghardaga, Egypt; the calcareous material originated from reefs nearby.
The bugs emerge from the crevices in a certain interval of time after the tide has receded. They are then found on the moist exposed edge and lower surface of the rocks and on the sand of rock beneath. The zones inhabited by Omaniidae seem to de- pend on the steepness of the intertidal shore area and the suitability of the crevices. Schuster mentioned that O. coleoptrata (Red Sea) occurred mainly just below the high tide mark. Kellen found Corallocoris only in those rocks lying in a narrow middle band of the intertidal zone; at high tide these rocks are covered up to two feet of water. He assumed that higher or lower rocks were either too dry or too wet for habita- tion. Dr. Murphy wrote to me that the habitat of C. marksae in Singapore: “is on very coarse sand and gravel at the base of vertical cliffs of granite at extreme high tide level — not as high as mean HW springs but not extending as low as HW neaps. Late on the day, small numbers extend up into the rocks but I believe most of the popula- tion is interstitial within the gravel”.
A fine account of the biology of Corallocoris under laboratory conditions is presented by Kellen (1960). The relatively large eggs are glued to the substrate, deep in small holes and crevices in the rocks provided. The incubation period is about 16 days at about
1) Numbers refer to literature list.
Fig. 5 A-E: O. coleopirata. A: pretarsus of adult leg 2; B, C: pretarsus of leg 2 of larva V, ventral
and lateral; D: rostrum of larva V, dorsal; E: antenna of adult. 6 A, B: frontal aspect of head,
macerated; A: O. coleoptrata; B: C. marksae. ind, indentation of internal apodeme; is, internodial segments; o, ocellus; pa, parempodium; tr, trichobothrium; un, uncinus; ung, unguitractor
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R. H. COBBEN: Intertidal dwarfbugs 73
250 C. Larval development takes about a month. The adults can jump far. In nature, they prefer, when the tide is right, to run from one small hole or crevice to the next, investi- gating the surface of the rocks and small growths of algae with their beaks. Like all other representatives of the superfamily, Omaniidae are carnivorous. Kellen succeeded in rearing whole generations confining the animals to small stender dishes with pieces of rock and wet algae from the natural habitat. In captivity they seemed to feed on the organisms present in the algae, and on small psychodid and tendipedid larvae added to the dishes. Whether they prefer a particular prey in nature, is unknown. Woodward (1958) found the following fauna associated with C. marksae: Collembola, mites (Microtrombidium sp. and Eupodes sp.) and small beetles. The pieces of rock with O.coleoptrata, investigated by Schuster (1965), contained a very small species (0.8 mm) of Ptiliidae (Coleoptera) and numerous Halophiloscia sp. (Isopoda). The only other Heteroptera collected in the same habitat are Halovelia sp. in Australia (32), Halovelia marianarum Usinger in Micronesia (15), and a saldid larva in Singapore.
II. MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMIC RANK AND PHYLOGENY OF THE GROUP
On the basis of head and male genital structures, it is postulated here that Omania and Corallocoris belong to the superfamily Leptopodoidea. Until now this group has consisted of the families Leptopodidae, Leotichiidae and Saldidae (including Omania). Discussions are largely limited here to conditions pertaining in Leptopodoidea in order to justify the establishment of the new family Omaniidae.
Egg
The egg of C. marksae is illustrated by Kellen (1960, his O. samoensis). He assumed from its large size relative to the female, that only one egg is laid every few days. I have reasoned earlier (1968, p. 372) that such a way of reproduction is suggestive of plesiomorphy. The number of ovarioles is not known but is probably less than 7, the normal number in Saldidae, except in Aepophilus which has 5.
Shape and sculpture of the omaniid egg superficially resembles that of remote fami- lies, e.g. Helotrephidae, some Notonectidae, Naucoridae or Schizopteridae. With even more families the omaniid egg shares the presence of only one micropyle. However the structure of the micropyle confines the omaniid egg definitely to the Leptopodoidea (Cobben 1968, p, 42). The shell of Corallocoris bears large hexagons, but the architec- ture looks light-optically solid, without any system of porosity for trapping atmospheric air. A completely solid chorion has been confirmed by electron-microscopy in another intertidal shore bug, Aepophilus. All other Leptopodoidea investigated, of which some also live close to the intertidal zone, possess aeropyles (Cobben o.c.).
Fig. 7 A-E: O. coleoptrata, larva V. A: head, ventral; B: pharynx pump, ventral; C: base of mandible with lever; D: base of maxillae, salivary pump, dorsal; E: pharynx pump, lateral. F-I: C. marksae, adult, distal part of stylets; F: maxillar bundle; G: mandible; H: right maxilla, lateral; I, left maxilla, inner view. ac, anteclypeus; as, antennal socket; asd, afferent salivary duct; hw, hy- popharyngeal wing; la 1, first labial segment; Ib, labrum; mdb, base of mandible; mdl, mandibular lever; mx, maxilla; oc, occipital condyle; r, ridge; ro, rod; sp, salivary pump; th, thickenings; tp, tendon of piston; tph, tendons of pharynx; X, Y, anterior and posterior sense organs
74 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL la, Al 2, 1970
Larva
In contrast to egg and adult characters, larval characters are extremely difficult for delimitations above family rank. The first larval instar of representatives of various fami- lies were studied, in order to trace the significance of the primary setal pattern. The first instar of Saldidae (data from 15 species, 5 genera, 3 subfamilies) and Leptopodidae (1 species) share a similar hair pattern on the thorax, not encountered in other families; the pronotum (exclusive of lateral margins) bears four setae, the mesonotum and meta- notum each bear two. The condition in Omaniidae does not conform to this. According to the careful drawing of the first instar of C. marksae (= samoensis) by Kellen, copied here in Fig. 8 B, the pronotum bears six and the mesonotum and metanotum each four setae. Saldidae and Leptopodidae have four longitudinal rows of setae on the abdominal tergum, but Corallocoris has six rows. Omaniidae, as represented by Corallo- coris, share with Leptopodidae four vertex setae, but Saldidae (including Aepophilus) have more than four.
The most distinctive character of Omaniidae, separating them from related and, in fact, from all other families so far inspected, is the hair pattern of the compound eye. Omaniid larvae bear three distinct bristles inserted on the multi-faceted eye. The dra- wing by Kellen of the first instar shows only two bristles, but in the instars II-V, Woodward has consistently depicted three bristles. This larval character is retained in the adult and appears to be present in all Omaniidae studied. Judging from the con- dition of the eye bristles in the first instar and their fate during subsequent instars in other families, the first omaniid instar probably must also have three bristles. The function of the eye-bristles is still obscure but in other families they are trichobothria- like and are presumably sensory. The original number occurring in various, even remote, families, is two. This number occurs in all Saldidae studied and also in the first instar of Leptopus where they are transformed into pegs. Other characters of the omaniid larva, such as a single abdominal gland (between tergite 3 and 4) and presence of first abdominal spiracle are shared with other Leptopodoidea, but also with most Amphibi- corisae. As said on p. 71, a larval organ typical of many Saldidae, is absent in Omaniidae. The eye of the young larvae is large, bearing numerous ommatidia, and the single abdominal gland is small. Both these facts place omaniid larvae on a higher anagenetic level than, for instance, Aepophilinae or Chiloxanthinae amongst Saldidae. Within the superfamily there is a progressive trend for increase of ommatidia and reduction of larval gland.
Adult
China (1933) has given a table with characters separating the families Saldidae, Leptopodidae and Leotichiidae, when creating the last family to include the two cave-dwelling species of Leotichius. Apart from the structure of the wings (no nervature left in Omaniidae), nearly all of the 11 characters listed unite Omaniidae with the Saldidae. The structures compared by China were predominantly external features such as characteristics of head, eyes, ocelli, clypeus, rostrum, antennae, pronotum, scutellum and legs. As will be shown below, there is only superficial resemblance between the two groups of shore bugs.
R. H. COBBEN: Intertidal dwarfbugs 75
Head
Parsons (1962) has published a detailed study of the cephalic structures in one representative of the Leptopodoidea, Saldula pallipes. The terminology of her study and my own unpublished data on a wide variety of species are taken as background for the following review.
External
Omaniidae share with the Saldidae (inclusive of Aepophilinae) and Leptopodidae an internal dorsal apodeme, left and right in the frontal region (Fig. 8 D, E; ia). It lies close to the middle pair of trichobothria and is externally visible as a groove (Fig. GA: ind). Structures of antennae (internodial pieces between segment 2—3 and 3—4) and rostrum (third segment longest) correspond with Saldidae.
The facial aspect of the omaniid head (Fig. 6) reveals some exclusive properties not found in Saldidae: a distinct collar-like vertex region, the presence of an extra pair of trichobothria-like bristlest) posterior to the ocelli, three trichobothriat) on the eye, no genal suture between mandibular and maxillary plates (also absent in Aepophilus). Un- like Saldula pallipes, there is no delimitation of mandibular plates and transverse swelling above the anteclypeus. But in Saldidae such boundaries arise with higher anagenetic levelling in the sequence Aepophilinae-Chiloxanthinae-Saldinae. In macerated prepara- tions of Omaniidae, there are weak differentiations between the middle and anterior trichobothria (Fig. 6). These could represent the boundary between postclypeus and frons. The epipharynx protrudes only slightly ahead of the labrum, as in more primitive Saldidae. It does not project in S. pallipes and in other more evolved species of Saldidae. The gular region of the omaniid larva shows two longitudinal ridges passing ventrally to the antennal socket (Fig. 7 A; r). In Saldula pallipes and other Saldidae, a similar pathway is traced only by a faint line.
Internal Pharynx
Fig. 7 B and E show the food pump so far as it is lined with cuticle. Its roof bears a longitudinal comb of about 10 tendons for the insertion of dilator muscles. Internally, the pump contains a median rod-like structure in the transitional zone where the pharynx narrows distally into the gut. The ventral wall of the epipharynx has a sensory plate just in front of the pharynx entrance. The plate is apparently a composi- tion of about 10 spherical cells (y, Fig. 7 B). Posteriorly to this plate, thus as part of the food pump proper, lie two other imprints of supposed sensory cells (x). Further, mainly transverse differentiations (th), probably simple thickenings of the cuticle, are seen in this and other regions.
Omaniidae has the dorsal row of tendons in common with Leptopodoidea and, in fact, most other heteropterous families. In Pentacora mexicana there are 15 tendons, inChilox- anthus 20, in Aepophilus 30 and in a leptopodid (Valleriola sp.) 23. Comparatively, the
1) Although there is not yet histological or experimental proof that these setae are sensory, they are called here trichobothria for convenience. They are indeed homologous with the setae of Aepophilus and, for example, in most Amphibicorisae, where type of hair and insertion strongly suggest a particular function.
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R. H. COBBEN: Intertidal dwarfbugs 77
number in Omaniidae (10) is thus few; increase in tendon numbers could have some anage- netic meaning. Their presence excludes Leptopodoidea from typical Amphibicorisae. The type of dilator muscle insertion, direct or indirect, is an important factor for the evaluation of foodpump characters. However, in none of the recent surveys on the skeletomusculature of the heteropteran head including data on Amphibicorisae, I have found pharyngeal ten- dons expressely mentioned as absent. In accordance with other set of characters of Amphibicorisae (10, p. 363-378) I consider the lack of tendons plesiomorphic. The structure of the food pump in typical Amphibicorisae is trough-shaped and needs thorough histological investigation to compare it with the better known types of other families. Among Amphibicorisae there is one exception for Mesoveliidae, which from other evidence are grouped among aberrant water striders. Mesovelia has the mid-dorsal roof of the pump elevated, which bears a comb of 12 short tendons. A preliminary check in other family groups proved also absence of tendons in subfamilies of Reduviidae checked (Emesinae, Triatominae and Harpactorinae) and contrasts this group to Hydro- corisae, which indeed have tendons (Parsons 1966a, studied all hydrocorisan families except the extremely important Potamocorinae, which I consider to be a family). Other terrestrial families studied (inclusive of Dipsocoridae) have a distinct system of tendons, except two: Enicocephalidae and Pachynomidae. Of the former I studied one species of Oncylocotis which has an elongate food pump with about 25 very short tendons. Of Pachynomidae, a representative of each of the two subfamilies was examined: Aphelonotus had no tendons and Pachynomus sp. had 17 short tendons.
The distinct rod-like structure at the outlet of the food pump seems typical for Omaniidae; it could not be traced in Saldidae and Leptopodidae, or any other of the many families studied. Only in the saldid Chiloxanthus pilosus was a very faint strip visible in the same area.
The x-organ in S. pallipes is described by Parsons (1962) as an oval depressed area surrounded by a ridge. According to her: "Similar structures have been observed on the epipharynx of Dysdercus (’’gustatory organ” of Macgill (1947)), Gelastocoris (oval raised area” of Parsons (1959)), and Gerris, (‘’epipharyngeal sense organ” of Cranston and Sprague (1961)). They are probably sensory in function.”
Parsons (1966 a) mentioned the organ for representatives of all hydrocorisan families and she described the nerve connexions. Of terrestrial Heteroptera, an accurate anato- mical account is given for Lygus pabulinus (Awati, 1914) and Triatoma (Barth, 1952). A preliminary survey revealed that this epipharyngeal organ is generally present in Heteroptera, with some variations in cuticular appearance. In the saldid genera Aepo- philus, Chiloxanthus and Salda it is an undifferentiated oval depression as in Saldula pallipes. In the primitive Pentacora mexicana the smoothly lined oval plate contains 9 circles each with a central point. In the leptopodid Valleriola sp. there are 12 of such circles. In Omaniidae the plate with 10 sensillae has an irregular outline. The anterior organ in Amphibicorisae is very much like in Leptopodoidea with a similar range of variation, as also in Pachycoleus and the pachynomid Aphelonotus sp. In families of
Fig. 8 A-E: larval structures. A-B, D: C. marksae; A: instar V; B: instar I (redrawn from Kellen
1960); C: O. coleoptrata, instar V, somewhat swollen in lactic acid: D, E: head of instar V: D:
dorsolateral view, frontal exoskeleton cut away to reveal internal apodemes; E: as D, lateral. ia, internal apodeme; ph, implantation of primary hairs; sg, scent gland
78 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970
other major groups there is much more differentiation towards distinct patterns of sen- sillae but there is no oval depression.
The variation in the posterior pharyngeal sense organs is greater. As shown above, in the one omaniid checked on this character, it is a single pair of oval ‘cells’. Parsons (1962) did not mention them for Saldula pallipes, but species of Pentacora, Chilo- xanthus and Salda possess two pairs, the most posterior differing in structure between the first two genera and the last. In some Amphibicorisae, I could not detect them, but in others there is one very faint pair, as also in the pachynomid Aphelonotus sp. In other families the number varies from two to four pairs, the latter condition being the usual.
Stylets and levers
Both mandibles are similar at their extreme tips; along the inner surface they are weakly notched with about seven indentations (Fig. 7 G). The lever is roughly triangular and one arm of it articulates directly with the stylet by means of its split tip (Fig. 7 C); the lateral corner of the lever forms the pivot in the cranium bordering the antennal socket.
The origin of the maxillary stylet (Fig. 7 D) extends as a fine thread from the maxillary sac. The latter structure envelopes the stylet as a spout-shaped membrane; it is wide open distally, at least in macerated preparations. The dorsal posterior margin of the sac is thickened and forms the structure which is probably homologous with the ‘maxillary lever’ in other groups. The morphology of the tips of the right (Fig. 7 H) and left (Fig. 7 1) maxillae are different, as in Saldidae. However, I could not detect in the left stylet the two rows of numerous fine spines which occur in Saldidae.
Structure of stylets and of levers relate Omaniidae more to Leptopodoidea than to Amphibicorisae. The latter have, as is known, a peculiar square mandibular lever whereas the maxillary lever is said to be absent in Gerris, Velia and Hydrometra. These two characteristics seem valid also for Hebridae, Mesoveliidae and aberrant genera I studied. Whereas the quadrangular type of mandibular lever separates adult Amphibicorisae (the lever in first larval instar of Gerris in fact is triangular!) from all other families of Heteroptera, the taxonomic value of the maxillary lever is difficult to assess. Parsons (1966 b) stressed that the distribution of the structure throughout the suborder is un- certain, since many authors overlooked it. Benwitz (1956) summarized literature data on groups of genera with a max. lever and those missing it, but certainly material should be rechecked. The constellation of the omaniid maxilla resembles that in the naucorid genus Ambrysus studied by Parsons (1966 b). She established the presence of a maxil- lary lever only in two of seven naucorid genera. She did not speculate on the evolutionary significance of the lever. From my own experience and from present knowledge of comparative morphology, I conclude that absence of maxillary lever is plesiomorphic. This should mean that the lever arose independently in different taxa along similar lines; the ultimate total structures arrived at are, however, quite varied by family group. A dis- tinct lever is absent in Omaniidae, but present in Saldidae (including Aepophilus) and Leptopodidae. Besides Amphibicorisae, Oncylocotis (Henicocephalidae), some Hy- drocorisae and apparently all Reduviidae lack a lever. The constellation of the maxillary sac in Reduviidae nevertheless reached great complexity in the more evolved taxa (e.g. Harpactorinae) as compared with the more primitive Emesinae. The Pachynomidae, a family of a vexing systematic position, have a lever like that of Nabidae and other
R. H. COBBEN: Intertidal dwarfbugs 79
3 REN NN SS To È x
SR EEN
SHG N
N
/ VA; yf ros AAA IL; / (Nd fuel (aed ft il (
KETEN
Fig. 9 A, B: C. marksae, 2 genital structures. A: cuticular lining of genital tract; b, posterior view
of abdomen. 10 A,B: metathoracal scent-apparatus; A: O. coleoptrata, gland and reservoir; B: C.
marksae, entire glandular system, ventral part of metathorax from behind. ac, accessory canal; f,
furca; gp, gonopore; gpl, gonoplac; gpo, gonapophysis; gr, glandular reservoir; gx, gonocoxa;
gy, gynatrium; o, external outlet of scent glands; or, orifice of reservoir; ov, oviduct; pp, pregenital plate; r, reservoir; sp, spermatheca; t, tergite; x, xiphus
80 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970
cimicoid groups. Species of all other groups, superficially checked, revealed a lever: Dipsocoridae, Thaumastocoridae, Pentatomoid families, Thaumastellidae (rather simple).
Salivary pump
Characteristics of the omaniid pump (Fig. 7 D, sp.) are: tendon of piston short, hori- zontally flattened; transverse circumference of posterior wall of pump chamber neatly circular; afferent ducts paired; efferent duct short.
Only these four outer aspects of the salivarium will be compared here with other families. Data from sections must wait later evaluation. The points to be discussed here throw some new light on modifications of the apparatus and its evolution: shape of pump chamber, orientation of piston tendon, whether afferent ducts have fused, length of efferent duct.
Like Saldidae and Leptopodidae the pump of the Omaniidae has the horizontally flattened piston tendon, the short efferent duct and paired outlet of the afferent ducts. The pump itself is, however, isoradial, whereas in Valleriola (Leptopodidae) and Aepo- philus (Saldidae) the dorsal posterior wall is incised. This trend has progressed in other Saldidae so much that the dorsal wall became almost split along its median line. In Amphibicorisae, a cladistic trend is apparent in the Velliidae and Gerridae. There, the lateral sides of the chamber became inflected from behind. This trend is associated with shortening of the efferent duct. A long efferent duct is retained in other Amphibicorisan families, in Henicocephalidae (Oncylocotis) and in Emesinae (Empicoris) amongst Reduviidae. The afferent canals originally ended separately in the pump. Most Hetero- ptera and primitive Reduviidae are still like this. In the advanced reduviids the ducts anastomosed a very short distance terminally. In Miridae and Nabidae studied, there is a very long common afferent duct, a condition paralleled in Pachynomidae. In most Heteroptera the tendon of the piston is a vertical plate. As noted above, it is flattened in a horizontal plane in Leptopodoidea. So far I have encountered a horizontal tendon only in Hebrovelia, the gerrid Trepobates, the thaumastocorid Xylastodoris and the thaumastellid Thaumastella. In some Amphibicorisae and in Oncylocotis, the tendon is thread-like; it is assumed that this is the basal type from which flattening in one or the other plane arose.
Metathoracic scent-gland
The metathorax is characterized by a large shield-like epimeron which encloses the coxae laterally (contrast Saldidae, Leptopodidae). The adult scent-apparatus of Omanii- dae is of a type encountered nowhere else in Heteroptera. Chlorazol preparations of C. marksae reveal four ovoid bodies in the metathoracic cavity and a single median ostiole for discharging the secretion (Fig. 10 B). The four reservoirs belong to a paired gland system, each side with two reservoirs united by a thin duct. The cuticular lining in C. marksae and in O. coleoptrata suggests that the most lateral reservoirs had a glandular layer all round. The cuticle projects out from the reservoir into short exten- sions, probably remnants of caniculi, regularly distributed over the whole surface of the voluminous reservoir. In ethanol-treated material, this reservoir is brownish yellow and its wall has a finger-print sculpture. The median bladder has an uninterrupted smooth wall and opens into the ostiole independently of the reservoir of the other side. Thus, the single external ostiole contains the outlets of the two reservoirs of the gland system,
R. H. COBBEN: Intertidal dwarfbugs 81
each outlet being governed by one dilator apodeme. From the condition of the system in other Leptopodoidea the glandular lateral reservoirs in Omaniidae are clearly homolo- gous with the tubular gland system in other families. Saldidae except Aepophilus have one median reservoir and one ostiole. Leptopodidae have two reservoirs and two ostioles, in common with Aepophilus. However, Leotichius has one reservoir, but two ostioles. Thus, the situation in Omaniidae is peculiar in two respects: the doubling of the reser- voirs with retention of the single external ostiole and the enormous widening of the gland ducts resulting in accessory reservoirs.
Legs
The hind legs of adult Omaniidae lack the terminal tibial comb and the two fragile curved setae on the ventral side of the first tarsal segment. Both these characters are features normal in Saldidae, the hind leg comb arising as a complete new adult structure. The simple pretarsal structures in Omaniidae are similar for all three pairs of legs and undergo a sudden reduction during adult moult. Besides the two claws there are only two parempodia, extensions of the unguitractor plate. In the last larval instar these parempodia are rather long curved spines (Fig. 5 B,C), but in the adult only small rudiments remain (Fig. 5 A, pa). Young instar larvae were not available. They ought to be studied to know whether traces of the arolia are present in the youngest stages. In typical Saldidae such traces are absent, but in the larvae of Aepophilus (not in adult!) one arolium occurs; I consider this homologous with the ventral arolium of Amphibicori- sae, of which typical representatives possess a dorsal one too. Omaniidae share the abrupt reduction of the parempodia during one moult only with some saldids of the Pentacora group. In most Saldidae, the ontogenetic reduction of the parempodia proceeds gradually trom the first larval instar onwards; the rate of reduction is sometimes un- equal between the two parempodia of the same unguitractor plate. Other special struc- tures of the omaniid legs occur widely in Heteroptera, even beyond. The third coxa bears a setose area at the inner side (Fig. 3C, sa). This is an adaptation to jumping; both rough spheres of the left and hind coxa are apparently pressed against each other during jumping. The structure occurs in the saltatorious Saldidae, Leptopodidae and also in Ochteridae. The trochanters are almost entirely subdivided by an internal cross-sep- tum. One series of oval sensilla are arranged transversely on both lateral sides of all coxae (Fig. 3 B, D, s). These are probably stretch-receptors and occur in all heteropteran families studied so far. There are, however, differences in number, shape and arrange- ments of these organs, which must still be assessed for possible phylogenetic value. Another group of apparently sensory bodies occurs at the base of each coxa (Fig. 3 C, s). This cluster of conical projections is not restricted to Leptopodoidea. Omaniidae have no femoral plectrum nor a hemielytral stridulitrum, which are present in a number of Saldidae (joint work with J. Lattin).
Abdomen Pregenital structures The omaniid abdomen bears 8 pairs of spiracles as have all other Leptopodoidea and
some other major groups (Cobben 1968, p. 377, 378). Their position, however, distin- guishes Omaniidae from most Saldidae. In the former, the stigmata are situated in the
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970
82
ERIK SAM ANA ù SRE N
R. H. COBBEN: Intertidal dwarfbugs 83
membrane between sternites and laterotergites (Fig. 1 D, 2 H). Most stigmata are en- closed in the connexival sclerites as in Leptopodidae. Trichobothria are absent but a campaniform sensilla occurs anterior to each mid-abdominal spiracle (Fig. 1 D, s). The stigmata of Saldidae lie ventrally at some distance from the lateral margin. In few species the spiracles have closely approached the ventral connexival borderline, but apparently never passed it. One could suggest that dorsal placement of spiracles could be related to respiratory adaptation in intertidal zones. Such a correlation is not apparent in Saldidae, of which some species are indeed intertidal. Even in Aepophilus bonnairei, pre-eminently an intertidal species, the spiracles are on the ventrites. Peculiarly, those saldid species in which the spiracles are more lateral, are found in several unrelated genera, and the dis- tribution of those species is predominantly tropical. The spiracles in Leptopodidae, which are in general less hygrophilous than Saldidae, are dorsal on the external latero- tergites.
The abdominal dorsum of Omaniidae is largely membranous, unlike in those Saldidae with shield-like hemielytra. The external laterotergites are distinct, but internal lateroter- gites, present in all Saldidae, are absent in Omaniidae as well as in Leptopodidae. The grasping structure in Omaniidae is quite different in constitution from that in Saldidae (including Aepophilus). This male apparatus formed by paratergites 2 and 3 was first described in Saldidae by Drake & Hottes (1951) as a stridulatory device, but Leston (1957) and Cobben (1957) showed that it serves to fix the male to the female hemiely- tron margin during copulation. In Saldidae grasping is as with a clip-type clothes-peg; friction is particularly caused by a transverse strip with pegs. As the structure increased in effectiveness, the female evolved a coadaptation in the wing area which is grasped. The coupling of male Omaniidae operates more like the paper-clips principle. There is no rough area to create friction. The laterotergite of segment 2 extends along the inner- side of the modified laterotergite 3. The two adjacent lamellae (Fig. 2 K-M) apparently clip the female hemielytron. The latter has no special counterpart structure. Females, however, which have copulated or on which attempts at copulation have been made can be recognized as such. The male grasping structure scours the blue-grey wax of the female wing so that a shining black spot results, invariably close to the wing apex. Leptopodidae have the same characteristic side by side mating behaviour as Saldidae, and so do Omaniidae as deduced above on morphological grounds. But Leptopodidae have no structural adaptations; the female wing margin is simply pinched in the male pleuron between segment 2 and 3. This behaviour could have evoked pleural differentia- tions in Omaniidae, independent of Saldidae.
The pregenital glands, characteristic of all Saldidae, except Aepophilus, are absent in Omaniidae.
Genital structures Female. Internal ectodermalia (Fig. 9 A). The internal female organs so far as lined by cuticle,
Fig. 11 A-I: C. marksae, & genital structures. A: posterior view of pygophore; B, C: ventral and
lateral view of pygophore; D: paramere; E: parandrium and dextral paramere; F-I: phallus; F, I:
lateral: G: aft side; H: distal end of phallotheca, endosoma slightly extended, aa, articulatory
apparatus; ba, basal aula; cp, capitate process; de, ductus ejaculatorius; ds, ductus seminis; en,
endosoma; Ip, ligamentous processes; p, paramere; pa, parandria; ph, phallus; pht, phallotheca; pm.
protractor muscles; pr, proctiger; rm, retractor muscles; rp, retractor process; ss, sclerotized strip; vh, vertical hymen
84 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970
are the same in three omaniid species studied. Of greatest interest is the full presence of a canal leading from the ventral side of the gynatrial sac forwards to enter in the roof of the common oviduct (Fig. 9 A, ac). Such a canal also occurs in most Amphibi- corisae and has been termed ’fecundation canal’ (Pendergrast 1957), by analogy with a similar duct in Carabidae. Scudder (1959) called it ‘accessory canal’ and this term is used here, as the function of the canal has not yet been established. Brinkhurst (1960), studying the gerrid Aquarius najas, had ideas about the homology and function of the canal with which I disagree and will discuss it elsewhere. In Omaniidae, the canal is very solid at the base and forms a spiral coil in the fold between gynatrium and oviduct. A median spermatheca is present (Fig. 9A, sp.), its short duct originating from the centre of the ventral wall of the gynatrium as a continuation of the accessory canal. The bulb is simple, irregularly shaped and without pump flanges. The gynatrium lacks thickened rudiments of a ringed gland. Compared with other Leptopodoidea, the omaniid condition with accessory canal and simple spermatheca is encountered only in Leotichiidae (Scudder 1959). What I consider to be rudiments of the accessory canal, exist in Leptopodidae; lining of a gynatrial ring gland is not visible in this family, but the sper- matheca evolved in a firm structure with flanges. Besides a well developed sperma- theca, a ringed gland clearly arose in Saldidae, and no trace remains of the secondary canal. But, the saldid Aepophilus bonnairei retained the plesiomorphic condition of the spermatheca: a wide cylindrical bulb with irregular transverse wrinkles, a short duct and absence of a cuticular flange for attachment of muscles. In other Saldidae, the sper- mathecal bulb is small, but stout, and with a proximal pump flange (except the primitive Pentacora mexicana, Lattin & Cobben, 1968). The spermathecal duct increased in length anagenetically as a longer phallic flagellum developed in the male.
External ectodermalia (Fig. 9 B). — The apex of the abdomen is broadly rounded, sternite 7 shield-like, paratergite 9 not visible. The tergal part of segment 9 surrounds the proctiger as a very broad sheath. The proctiger is relatively large, with a well deve- loped sternal part as in Amphibicorisae. Both pairs of gonapophyses (gpo) and the gono- placs (gpl) are present, poorly developed, flap-like and lie in a transverse vertical plane. Only the second gonapophyses join each other along the median line. Because of the relatively large eggs, the gonopore is wide and clearly visible after staining with Chlorazol black (gp).
The vestigial terminalia distinguish Omaniidae from all Saldidae, including Aepo- philus, which have a well developed ovipositor. None of the other Leptopodoidea have such plate-shaped genitalia as Omaniidae, and the situation in Leptopodidae and Leoti- chiidae is intermediate between this and the saldid type. The saldid condition is, in my view, apomorphic.
Male.
I presented a scheme of evolution of the leptopodoid phallus in 1965, for which representatives were chosen from Saldidae, Leptopodidae and Leotichiidae. A theory has been developed showing how the leptopodoid phallus could have evolved from the plesiomorphic condition as found in modern, typical Amphibicorisae. There was then
Fig. 12 A-E: O. coleopirata, & genital structures. A, B: right paramere, different aspects; C-E: phallus, endosoma slightly extruded; C: left lateral side; D: aft view; E: front view. pp, projection of ponticulus basalis. Further legend, as in Fig. 11
R. H. COBBEN: Intertidal dwarfbugs 85
LL OD
N
86 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970
no clear comparative picture of the omaniid phallus, because of its smallness and the scarcity of material for dissection. It will now be shown that the omaniid genital struc- tures fit well into the basic leptopodoid plan, but that clade-characters strongly support family status.
The pygophore of Omaniidae is high and short (Fig. 11 A,C), with the aft side truncate and cleft medially. This cleft is formed by the interspace between the two verti- cal outgrowths of the capsule (Fig. 11 A,E, pa). Such projections are immobile and inflexible in Saldidae and have been named provisionally ’parandria’, though they are recent structures and thus do not correspond to the original definition of the term. In Omaniidae, however, the parandria are demarcated from the capsule by a transverse suture, and they turn aside under tension of the adjacent phallus (Fig. 12 D, pa, tension by hot lactic acid). The minute, club-shaped parameres (Fig. 11 E, p) are encompassed by the wall of the capsule. This is also true in nearly all Saldidae and in Leotichiidae, but not in Aepophilus and Leptopodidae. The omaniid phallus proper has the following characters in common with other Leptopodoidea: basal articulatory apparatus with ponticulus basilaris and distinct promotor and remotor apodemes. Basal foramen with a septum that leaves uncovered a transverse slit round the ductus, allowing passage of haemocoelic erection fluid. Elongated, mutually fused ligamentous processes present. Ductus seminis very wide, flattened, attached medioventrally to basal apparatus and lengthwise with ligamentous processes by means of two vertical hymens. Basal aula spa- cious, membranous. Conjunctival part of endosoma not clearly defined.
All these characters do not apply to the amphibicorisan genitalia, which are in all ways much less evolved. Beyond the leptopodoid basic plan, each family has its own characteristics showing divergent phylogeny. Saldidae developed a highly complex internal reel-system, the rectilinear evolution of which could be solved stepwise. The ligamentous processes in Saldidae and Leotichiidae connect the basal apparatus with the ventro-basal edge of the phallotheca. In Omaniidae (Fig. 11 I, Ip) and Leptopodidae, however, these processes extend only half way along the basal aula. Additional strength- ening of structures associated with the basal aula arose in a different way for each family. The midventral edge of the phallotheca is in some Leptopodidae provided with a long projection to meet the distal end of the ligamentous processes. In others, the ductus seminis itself is cramped to the tip of the ligamentous processes. Strengthening of the hinge-point between phallotheca and basal aula developed in Omania along another path. A sclerotic strip runs in each lateral wall of the basal aula from the articulatory apparatus obliquely downwards to join the base of the phallotheca (Fig. 11 I, 12 €, ss). The phallotheca scarcely deserves this name in this family, as it is not sclerotic; its distal end is irregularly outlined laterally (Fig. 11 H). The endosoma could not be studied in inflated position. In retracted state it is a wide, wrinkled, membranous mass beset for much of its length with numerous groups of hooked spines (Fig. 12 D, en); sclerites are lacking. The intromittant organ in action must reach considerable length. Phallic struc- tures are in their basal part more leptopodid-like, in their phallotheca-endosomal part more leotichiid-like. The organ is consequently remote from the saldid type.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The morphological survey has revealed many structural differences of the genera Omania and Corallocoris from other leptopodoid members. These discrepancies are
R. H. CoBBEn: Intertidal dwarfbugs 87 Table II Saldidae Omaniidae Leptopodidae Leotichiidae 1. number of ovarioles 7 (rarely 5) probably < 5 5 2. egg deposition mostly embedded superficial superficial 3. chorionic aeropyles mostly present absent present 4. larval organ mostly present absent absent 5. primary metameric chae- 4:2:4 6:4:6 4:2:4 totaxy of larva pron. mes. abd. 6. setae on head capsule 6 8 6 7. setae on compound eye 2 3 2 8. adult length > 2.0 mm 2/0 >20 9. left max. stylet with present absent present many spines 10. max lever present absent present 11. pharynx rod absent present absent 12. number of pharynx tendons > 14 + 10 > 14 13. incision of salivary pump present absent present 14. adult scent-gland 1 reservoir 4 reservoirs 2 reservoirs ] 1 ostiole (excl. 1 ostiole 2 ostioles 1 reservoir Aepophilus) 2 ostioles 15. internal laterotergites present absent absent 16. coupling apparatus & clothes-peg type | paper-clips type absent 17. abdominal spiracles ventral dorsal dorsal 18. pregenital glands present (excl. absent absent Aepophilus) absent 19. accessory canal © absent present absent 20. spermathecal flange mostly present absent present present 21. ovipositor laciniate plate-shape intermediate absent 22. parandria & rigid flexible absent intermediate 23. phallotheca sclerotic membranous sclerotic absent 24. d. seminis-endosoma contracted long long membranous complex long 25. endosomal sclerites present absent present 26. connection lig. processus- present absent absent absent phallotheca present 27. sclerotic strips in basal Absent present absent aula wall absent
summarized in Table II. The gap between Saldidae and Leptopodidae amounts to 12 of the 27 characters selected and it has never been a point in the past to doubt the familial rank of both these groups. It is striking that each of the 27 characters used ex- clude Omania-Corallocoris from Saldidae, whereas both genera share 8 characters with Leptopodidae. Comparisons with Leotichiidae are not yet adequate, since anatomical and ontogenetic evidences are lacking.
I formally propose here to eliminate the genera Omania and Corallocoris from the Saldidae and to transfer them into a separate family, which must be named: Omanzidae
stat. nov.
The four species of Omaniidae known at present, have a saldid-like rather than leptopodid or leotichiid facies. This is due to external features listed by China (1933) as
88
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970 Omaniidae Leptopodidae Leotichiidae "PROTO -LEPTOPODOID
Fig. 13. Evolutionary diagram of Leptopodoidea
R. H. COBBEN: Intertidal dwarfbugs 89
saldid characteristics: head inserted (v. exserted in Leptop. and Leot.); eyes not subpedunculate (v. subpedunculate); ocelli not upon prominently elevated tubercle (v. at top of elevation); rostrum extending beyond anterior coxae (v. shorter); posterior margin of pronotum straight or concave, surface not punctate (v. convex, strongly punctate) ; anterior femur and tibia normal (v. raptorial).
Many of the properties studied are liable to progressive evolution resulting in parallel development in different phyletic lines. Male genital structures, clasping organ, adult scent apparatus and, in particular, the chaetotaxy show distinct divergence from the usual leptopodoid patterns. In these respects, the Omaniidae represent a cladistically remote lineage; this is expressed with the more distant common origin in the evolutionary dia- gram (Fig. 13).
One may wonder why Aepophilus is not considered as belonging to a separate family. For, regarding the structures surveyed in the foregoing, this monobasic genus has often been mentioned as aberrant in Saldidae. The majority of the distinguishing characters of Aepophilus, however, fall within the ancestral-descendant range of the saldid lineage.
Therefore, its subfamily rank which I proposed in 1959 is here upheld, as it represents the most primitive living member of the family. A recently discovered fossil saldid from Mexico amber must be placed on an even lower level in a new subfamily: Leptosaldinae (Fig. 13), which will be described elsewhere (Cobben, in press).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
For permission to study the present material I am deeply indebted to Drs. J. Carayon (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris), R. C. Froeschner (Smithsonian Institu- tion, Washington), W. R. Kellen (Chicago), R. Linnavuori (Raiso), D. H. Murphy (University of Singapore), T. E. Woodward (University of Queensland, Brisbane), and E. Wagner (Hamburg). Dr. Murphy kindly gave valuable informations about the ecology of C. marksae in Singapore. I wish to thank Dr. R. C. Froeschner and Dr. A. Soós (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest) for their help in finding the holotype of O. coleoptrata. My thanks are due to Mr. J. C. Rigg (Pudoc, Wageningen) for cor- recting the English.
LITERATURE
Awati, P. R., 1914. The mechanism of suction in the Potato Capsid Bug, Lygus pabulinus Linn.- Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1914: 685-733.
Barth, R., 1952. Anatomische und histologische Studien über die Unterfamilie Triatominae (Hetero- ptera, Reduviidae). 1. Teil: Der Kopf von Triatoma infestans. — Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Bras. 50: 69—196.
Benwitz, G., 1956. Der Kopf von Corixa punctata Ill. (geoffroyi Leach) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). — Zool. Jb. (Anatomie) 75: 311—378.
Brinkhurst, R. O., 1960. Studies on the functional morphology of Gerris najas Degeer (Hem. Het. Gerridae). — Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 133: 531—559.
China, W. E., 1933. A new family of Hemiptera-Heteroptera with notes on the phylogeny of the suborder. — Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 12: 180—196.
———, 1938. A new genus and species of Acanthiidae (Saldidae) from the Sinai Peninsula. — Mem. Inst. Egypt. 37: 255—257.
Cobben, R. H., 1957. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Uferwanzen (Hem. Het., Fam. Saldidae). — Ent. Ber. 17: 245—257.
— —, 1959. Notes on the classification of Saldidae with the description of a new species from Spain. — Zool. Meded. Leiden 36: 303—316.
—, 1960. Die Uferwanzen Europas, Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Saldidae. — In: Stichel, Illustrierte
90 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 2, 1970
Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen. II. Europa 3: 209—263.
1968. Evolutionary trends in Heteroptera, Part I: Eggs, architecture of the shell,
gross embryology and eclosion. — PUDOC, Wageningen, 475 pp.
in press. A fossil shore bug from the tertiary amber of Chiapas, Mexico (Hetero-
ptera, Saldidae). — University of California Publications in Entomology 31 (2).
Cranston, F. P. and I. B. Sprague, 1961. A morphological study of the head capsule of Gerris remigis Say. — J. Morph. 108: 287—298.
»
Drake, C. J., 1961. Insects of Micronesia. Hemiptera: Saldidae. — Insects of Micronesia 7: 287—305. ——, and F. C. Hottes, 1951. Stridulatory organs in Saldidae (Hemiptera). — Great
Basin Nat. 11: 43—46.
Herring, J. L. and H. C. Chapman, 1967. À new species of Omania from Micronesia (Hemiptera: Saldidae). — Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 69: 353—359.
Torväth, G., 1915. Novum genus peculiare Acanthiidarum. — Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 13: 598— TED,
Kellen, W. R., 1960. A new species of Omania from Samoa, with notes on its biology (Heteroptera: Saldidae). — Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 53: 494—499.
Lattin, J. D. and R. H. Cobben, 1968. The systematic position of Orthophrys mexicanum van Duzee (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Saldidae). — Ent. Ber. 28: 130—135.
Leston, D., 1957. The stridulatory mechanisms in terrestrial species of Hemiptera Heteroptera. — Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 128: 369—386.
Linnavuori, R., 1964. Hemiptera of Egypt, with remarks on some species of the adjacent Eremian region. — Ann. zool. Fenn. 1: 306—356.
Mac Gill, E. I., 1947. The anatomy of the head and mouth-parts of Dysdercus intermedius Dist. — Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 117: 115—128.
Miyamoto, S., 1963. New halophilous saldids from the Tokara Islands. — Sieboldia 3: 39—50.
Murphy, D. H., 1969. Personal communications.
Parsons, M. C., 1959. Skeleton and musculature of the head of Gelastocoris oculatus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). — Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 122: 1—53.
—, 1962. Skeleton and musculature of the head of Saldula pallipes (F). (Heteroptera: Saldidae). — Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 114: 97—130.
——, 1966a. Modifications of the food pumps of Hydrocorisae (Heteroptera). — Can. J. Zool. 44: 585—620. ——, 1966b. Studies on the cephalic anatomy of Naucoridae (Heteroptera). — Trans. R.
ent. Soc. Lond. 118: 119—151. Pendergrast, J. G., 1957. Studies on the reproductive organs of the Heteroptera with a consideration
of their bearing on classification. — Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 109: 1—63.
Poisson, R. et A. Poisson, 1943. Sur la synonymie de Dolfusella minutissima China 1938 et Omania coleoptrata Horváth 1915 (Hem. Acanthiidae). — Bull. Soc. ent. France 48: 123%
. Schuster, R., 1965. Faunistische Studien am Roten Meer (im Winter 1961/62). Teil I, Litoral-
bewohnende Arthropoden terrestrischer Herkunft. — Zool. Jb. Syst. 92: 327—343.
- Scudder, G. G. E., 1959. The female genitalia of the Heteroptera: morphology and bearing on
classification. — Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 111: 405—467. Woodward, T. W., 1958. Studies on Queensland Hemiptera. Part III. A remarkable new intertidal saldid. — Univ. Queensland. Pap. 1: 101—110.
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NOTES ON THE CERACINI (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) ') by A. DIAKONOFF
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden
ABSTRACT
The group is defined as a tribe of the Tortricidae, Eurydoxa Filipjev (type-species, E. advena Filipjev) is reestablished as distinct from Cerace Walker, owing to recent studies of chaetotaxy. Described as new are C. malayana (Malay States, close to stipatana Walker), 9 of C. cyanopyga Diakonoff (Burma), 9 genitalia of C. ios Diakonoff; C. leechi spec. nov., ® (China) is defined. Sunk as synonyms are C. guttana Felder & Rogenhofer (syn. of onustana Walker); C. tamst Dia- konoff (syn. of mesoclasta Meyrick); stipatana clara Diakonoff is suppressed as subspecies, Bathypluta triphaenella melanoptera Diakonoff and B. t. nox Diakonoff are relegated to colour formae. Transferred to Eurydoxa is Eucosma tetrakore Wileman & Stringer and Ceraceopsis ussu- riensis Kurentsov. Lectotypes are designated for: Pentacitrotus vulneratus var. distinctus Diakonoff, Cerace tetraonis Butler, C. t. archimedis Diakonoff, C. xanthocosma Diakonoff, C. stipatana Walker, C. s. formosana Diakonoff, and Bathypluta triphaenella melanoptera Diakonoff.
Twenty years ago the author published a revision of the present group of brightly coloured large species of the family Tortricidae (Diakonoff, 1950). In the course of time little additional material has come to our notice. These years have not been too favourable for collecting in Central and South Asia, the native countries of the Ceracini, except the profitable series of expeditions by the Munick Museum to Nepal, 1955— 1969. Several important specimens have been found recently, though, chiefly in old collections of the British Museum (Natural History) and also in other museums, which are worth recording; besides, certain additional remarks to my above mentioned paper have become necessary, in order to make the descriptions of that time to answer modern requirements of nomenclature.
The author is greatly obliged to the following persons and institutions for the loan of material and for information: Mr. P. E. S. Whalley, Dr. K. Sattler, Messrs. M. Shafer and D. J. Carter, British Museum (Natural History), London (BM); Dr. A. Popescu- Gorj, Muzeul de Istoria Naturala “Grigore Antipa”, Bucharest (GAM); Dr. W. Dierl, Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich. (SM); Dr. H. Schröder, Natur-Museum Sencken- berg, Frankfurt a/ Main (MSF); Dr. H. J. Hannemann, Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin (HMB); Dr. F. Kasy, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna (VM), and Dr. P. E. L. Viette, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MP). Most figures were made by Mr. A. C. M. van Dijk, with a grant of the Netherlands Organisation for Pure Research (ZWO).
CERACINI
The concept of the group as a separate family, Ceracidae, of the suborder Tortricoidea, is no longer tenable. Although the characteristic species, especially of the genus Cerace
1) Dedicated to my friend, Dr. H. Blöte, the Dutch hemipterist, on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
91
92 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 3, 1970
Walk., are in many respects peculiar indeed, they prove now to stand rather closely to the tribe Archipini of the Tortricinae. Therefore the Ceracini should be treated as a tribe, as Obraztsov (1949) already suggested (under the name of Ceraciini).
An unusual feature of the Ceracini is the smooth head, which they have in common with certain tropical Archipini, as e.g., Zacorisca and allies. To this character Meyrick attached great importance (1910). It is indeed remarkable that the species in possession of this feature all are brightly coloured diurnal insects; perhaps smooth heads have some connection with the diurnal life habits which is unknown at present.
The latest contribution to the knowledge of the present tribe is the description of the larval characters of Eurydoxa advena Fil. and Cerace xanthocosma Diak., both from Japan (Diakonoff, 1956, Yasuda, 1965).
Although in general the larval characters proved to be tortricine, some interesting minor points came to light. However, it should be stressed that the larval characters of the Tortricidae, relatively, have considerably less value for taxonomy than the adult characters have. Apparently the larva is much more subject to adaptations and secondary functional changes than other stages, depending on environment, biology etc. This statement is convincingly corroborated by the fact that the larval characters are of no use at present for the separation of two subfamilies: the Tortricinae and the Olethreu- tinae (Mackay, 1962: 7).
The chaetotaxy of the two above mentioned species reveals considerable differences in support of the validity of the genus Ewrydoxa Fil., as against Cerace Walk., as is elaborated below, under the first mentioned genus. This chaetotaxy of the larval head shows that both Cerace and Eurydoxa have an affinity with the genus Sparganothis Hb., the angle between the lines connecting the bases of setae Pl and Adf 2 and P1 and P2, respectively, being obtuse. Earlier, I have expressed the view (Diakonoff, 1961) that this last genus should be incorporated in the Archipini rather than regarded as a represen- tative of a separate tribe; in spite of the possession in Sparganothis of a structure in the hind wing, rather similar to the cubital pecten of the Olethreutinae. Therefore, Caracini seem to be nearest to Archipini for which speak, of course, all adult characters as well. But there are also differences, e.g., the setae D2 on the eight abdominal segment in Ceracini are as long as setae L1, besides, the setae D2 of that segment are closer together than DI.
Summing up, the larval characters support the concept of the Ceracini being a distinct tribe, close to the Archipini; as well as of Evrydoxa Fil. being a distinct genus, related to Cerace Walk.
Ceracini have never been collected in really large series, except the two Japanese species which are common pests and can be bred from larvae. Dr. W. Dierl, Munich Museum, told me about his following interesting experiences in Nepal: ’’Ceracini are indeed quite rare in Nepal. I have never seen more than we have collected!). They ne- ver come to light and I have always seen them flying in daytime in bright sunshine. During the (wet) monsoon these hours of sunshine are very rare. The Ceracini like to feed on flowers of Umbelliferae where they easily can be collected’. However scanty these remarks are, they are about the only ones ever published on the life habits and be- haviour of the Ceracini (perhaps except those in the Japanese language).
1) Nine specimens (A.D.).
A. DIAKONOFF: Notes on the Ceracini 93
Here follow complementary remarks to my 1950 paper. The pages under the names pertain to that revision. Where necessary, lectotypes are disignated. Two new species and a neallotype are described.
Pentacitrotus quercivorus Diakonoff p. 179.
The complete text of the labels of the unique type specimen is as follows. “Holo- type”, “STEB Coll. L, 10.VII.02. Moths begin August .02, Coll. E. P. Enkling, Deobar, NE Himalaya, India, Quercus semicarpifolia” (written and printed). “Type, Pentacitro- tus quercivorus A. Diakonoff, 1947”. “BM genitalia slide No. 2695”. “Walsingham Collection 1910-427” (written and printed) (BM).
Pentacitrotus vulneratus Butler p. 180.
Pentacitrotus aeneus Leech, 1890: 83 (Central China, 6, error! Recte: Darjeeling, 9 !) Syn. nov.
The holotype of P. vulneratus Butler has the following labels: “TYPE H.T.”; “Darj.”; “P. vulneratus Butler, type”; “Pentacitrotus vulneratus Butler, Ill. Lep. Het. B.M. 5, p. 35, pl. 86 ’5 (1881). Type 8 (figd.)”, without abdomen (BM).
Additional material of P. vulneratus Btl.: India, Punjab, Murree, 7500 ft, June, 1918 (Dutt Coll.), 1 g', 2 2 (BM).
Sikkim, Katapahar (Gebauer), 1 4 (VM).
When describing the species “Pentacitrotus aenens” Leech apparently made a mistake. His description of a surmised male specimen of “aeneus’ from China, does not agree with the unique female specimen from that country, bearing the labels “Central China, Chang Yang, Hoope, VI.1888 (A. E. Pratt)”, “Leech Collection 62352”, but obviously is a description of a female of P. vulneratus Butler, from India.
In order to retain Leech’s name, in 1950 I redescribed the female from Chang Yang under the name “P. aeneus Leech’ but am now satisfied that this action is of no effect, as this Leech’s name is simply a synonym of P. vulneratus Butler. The name “Penta- citrotus aeneus Diakonoff, 1950”, is not available, being preoccupied by Pentacitrotus aeneus Leech, 1890.
As the unique female from Chang Yang represents a distinct and undescribed species, I propose for it the name: Pentacitrotus leechi spec. nov.
Pentacitrotus vulneratus var. distinctus Diakonoff p. 181.
Lectotype, hereby designated, male, labelled thus: Kulu Distr.”, "Brit. Mus. 1932— 454”, “Cerace vulnerata Btl.”, "Holotype, Pentacitrotus vulneratus var. distinctus A. Diakonoff, 1947”. ”Genitalia slide no. 1186” (BM).
Pentacitrotus vulneratus var. 9 congruens Diakonoff p. 181.
The holotype, a female, bears the following labels: Holotype’, "India, Elwes 1901”. “Walsingham Collection 1910—427”’, ’’Pentacitrotus vulneratus var. ® congruens Diak., det. W. G. Tremewan, 1962” (BM).
94 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 3, 1970
Pentacitrotus vulneratus vulneratus Butler p. 180. Additional male from: Sikkim, Katapahar (Gebauer) (VM).
Eurydoxa Filipjev
Eurydoxa Filipjev, 1930: 373, figs. 2—3 (@ type-species, E. advena Fil, by monotypy; ®, Sutchan). — Diakonoff, 1950: 184 (Ceraceopsis syn.). Ceraceopsis Matsumura, 1931: 1068 (type-species, C. sapporensis Mats., by monotypy; &, Sapporo,
Japan).
The present genus is distinct from Cerace Walk. as I have elaborated in my 1950 revision. Superficially it may be separated by vein Ib in the fore wing being furcate over not more than 1/, of its length, as against over more than 14, in Cerace. It is a minor difference, but in a group with so rigid a neuration as Ceracini, significant enough. Besides, the signum is a flat sclerotized scobinate sclerite in the wall of bursa about halfway its length; while in Cerace the signum is double-folded, with scobinations on the outer side, and is situated at the border of the ductus bursae and the corpus bursae.
The recent studies of larval characters, cited in the introduction to this paper and above, have shown that there is one more, unexpected but cardinal difference between Eurydoxa advena Fil. and Cerace xanthocosma Diak., to which genera Dr. Yasuda dedicated a comparative paper. The seta SD 2 on abdominal segments 1—8 is implanted on its own minute pinnaculum and not on a joined pinnaculum with SD 1, as in Cerace. Besides, all principal setae are upon normal pinnacula, while in Cerace these pinnacula are strongly elevated and sclerotized.
Eurydoxa advena Filipjev
Eurydoxa advena Filipjev, 1930, C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS (A): 374, figs. 1—3 (9, neur.). — Diakonoff, 1950, Bull. Brit. Mus. Ent. 1 (2): 187. — Obraztsov, 1954, Tijdschr. Ent. 97 (3): 154 fig. 3 (neur.). — Kurentzov, 1956, Trans. Far-Eastern Branch Acad. Sci. USSR 3 (6): 237, figs. 1—6 (2, neur.). — Issiki, 1957, Icon. Het. Jap. Col. Nat. 1: 82, pl. 14, fig. 430 (2). — Okano, 1959, Icon. Ins. Jap. Col. Nat. Ed. 1: 263, pl. 176, figs. 10a, b (4, 2). — Oku, 1961, Coenonympha, Trans. Lep. Sci. Hokkaido (11): 190. — Diakonoff, 1964, Zool. Mededelingen 39: 59, figs. 1—3, pl. 9 (larva, pupa).
Ceraceopsis sapporensis Matsumura, 1931: 6000 Ill. Ins. Jap.: 1068, no. 2129 (4); — 1932, Insecta Matsumurana 6: 199.
Eurydoxa sapporensis Diakonoff, 1950. Bull. Brit. Mus. Ent. 1 (2): 186, figs. 7, 12 (& geni- talia, neur.). — Inoue, 1954, Check List Lep. Jap. 1: 90. — Uchida, 1956, Insecta Matsumurana 20 (34): 100, figs. 1, 2 (4, 9). — Issiki, 1957, Icon. Het. Jap. Col. Nat. 1: 82, pl. 14, fig. Zit (6)
The above references are as adopted from Yasuda, 1965. This author had extensive material of both E. advena and sapporensis for comparison and came to the conclusion that they are conspecific, sapporensis being the male and a synonym of advena.
The most important larval characters of the species have already been cited above. Additional material. China, Sechuan, ”O — Er 26 mi N Li Fan”, 1 9 (USNM).
Eurydoxa advena forma orbimaculata (Kurentsov), comb. nov.
Ceraceopsis advena orbimaculata Kurentsov 1956: 242.
This differs from the nominate form only by the median longitudinal row of pale yellow spots being a series of large spots, becoming smaller basad, while in the nominate form these spots are much smaller. The description is based on a single specimen and its validity is therefore somewhat problematic.
A. DIAKONOFF: Notes on the Ceracini 95
Eurydoxa tetrakore (Wileman & Stringer), comb. nov. Pie
Encosma tetrakore Wileman & Stringer, 1929: 66.
This obscure species escaped my attention earlier. Dr. Obraztsov came across its type in the collection of the British Museum and detected its true identity (verbal communica- tion).
The holotype (and the only specimen) is labelled as follows: ’ Arizan, Formosa, 7300 ft, 24.VII.1908 (A. E. Wileman)”. Genit. slide no. 113 (BM).
The rather damaged specimen may be briefly described thus. Blackish-purple, with an obliquely oval white spot beyond upper angle of cell, encircled by reddish-orange suf- fusion, widest above and almost reaching 2/3 of costa; a large rounded patch on upper half of base of wing and an oblique, wedge-shaped transverse moderate marking on 14 of costa, similarly reddish-orange, the latter hardly reaching cell; these markings with a narrow edge of ground colour, beyond this indistinctly edged with bluish-metallic lines. Cilia purplish.
Hind wing fuscous-purple, with an oblong-oval white subcostal spot.
Male genitalia. Somewhat resembling those of Pentacitrotus vulneratus Btl. Tegumen moderate, narrowed. Uncus gradually narrowed, pointed. Socius rather large, broadly oval. Gnathos, a long hook, longer than socii. Valva suboval, moderately and gradually narrowed, cucullus with a somewhat curved longitudinal and supramarginal patch of bristles, becoming dark and dense at the top. Vinculum strong. Aedeagus long, curved, with a large and thickened coecum penis.
The holotype is in the British Museum. The species apparently is allied with Eurydoxa rhodopa Diak., from China, described after a single female.
Eurydoxa ussuriensis (Kurentsov), comb. nov.
Ceraceopsis ussuriensis Kurentsov, 1956: 241, figs. 1, 3. — Yasuda, 1965: 3.
This species, described after a single male specimen, is extremely close to E. advena Fil. I did not study the type specimen which probably is in the museum of the Far Eastern Division of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Vladivostok. The figure shows a much coarser pattern of longitudinal dotting and a larger, pale (orange?) longitudinal streak in the hind wing than in advena and also a more conspicuous row of subdorsal (orange) spots.
The genitalia have not been described.
Eurydoxa mesoclasta (Meyrick)
Cerace mesoclasta Meyrick, 1908: 395 (®, Kurseong). in Wagner. 1912: 15. — in Wytsman, 1913: 20. — Diakonoff, 1950: 203.
Eurydoxa tamsi Diakonoff, 1950: 189 (2, Sikkim, Phedong =Padong). Syn. nov.
The original description is based on a single female specimen from Eastern Himala- yas, Kurseong, 5000 ft. I never saw the type specimen, its whereabouts are unknown. When describing Eurydoxa tamsi Diak. I was probably confused by Meyrick’s descrip- tion of mesoclasta, the ground colour of the fore wing being recorded as ‘’whitish” and the hind wing as having a fuscous apical fourth. Now I have found a female specimen, without head or abdomen, but otherwise in good condition, completely similar to the type of E. tamsi, but with the label ’’Cerace mesoclasta Meyrick det”.
It appears that Meyrick’s description of the unknown holotype from Himalaya, except
96 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 3, 1970
BE
Female genitalia of Cerace Walk. species, 1, C. ‘os Diak., holotype; 2, the same, bursa capulatrix: 3, C. cyanopyga Diak., neallotype; 4, the same, bursa copulatrix; 5, C. malayana spec. nov., holo: type; 6, the same, bursa copulatrix; 7. C. lemeepauli Lemée, holotype; 8, the same, bursa copulatrix
A. DIAKONOFF: Notes on the Ceracini 97
for the ground colour, agrees sufficiently well with the above mentioned specimen — and so, with my “tamsi”. Therefore I am satisfied that they are conspecific.
The present female specimen is from Sikkim, Katapahar (Gebauer) (VM). The ground colour of the hind wing and the markings of the fore wing are pure silverv- white.
Cerace tetraonis Butler p. 192.
Lectotype of C. tetraonis, hereby designated: male, bearing the following labels: "Syntype”, Murree, 86-54(9), 28-8.85'; "Cerace tetraonis Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886— 394, Murree, Yerbunj. Type 1/1 descr.”
The male genitalia of the specimen from Simla, illustrated by me, my nr. 579D, are registered under nr. BM 2726.
Interesting additional material of this species is labelled thus: "Pakistan, Murree, Kuldana, leaf stitcher on Quercus dilatata, IV. "67", 1 &, 1 9. Apparently Quercus species are favorite food plants of more than one species of Cerace.
Also from China, West Tien-Mu-Shan, 1600 m, Province Chekiang 10-31.IX.1932 (H. Höne), 12 & (SM).
Cerace tetraonis archimedis Diakonoff P193.
Lectotype, hereby designated, a male, labelled as follows. Holotype’, ’’Cherra Punji, Khasis, 1895, Nat. (Doncaster)”, “Walsingham Collection BM 1910—427”; "Type, Cerace tetraonis archimedis, A. Diakonoff, 1947’; Genitalia slide No. 2694.
Cerace xanthocosma Diakonoff
p. 197. — Yasuda, 1969: 95, 206, pl. 46 figs. 184 (list of references as follows:) — Inoue, 1954, Check List Lep. Jap. 1: 90. — Obraztsov, 1955, Tijdschr. Ent. 98 (3): 199. — Issiki, 1957, Icon. Het. Jap. Col. Nat. 1: 81, pl. 14, figs 428, 429 (4, ®). — Okano, 1959, Icon. Ins. Jap. Col. Nat. Ed. 1: 263, pl. 176, figs. 11a, b (8, ©).
Cerace onustana Miyake (nec Walker), 1911, Döbutsugaku Zasshi 23: 302, fig. c. — Nagano (nec Walker), 1914, The Insect World 18 (197): 2, pl. 1 (4, ®, neur, larva, pupa); ibid. 18 (203): 301 (host plants). — Issiki (nec Walker), 1922, Döbutsugaku Zasshi 34: 283. — Matsu- mura, 1931, 6000 Ill. Ins. Jap.: 1067, no. 2127 (®). — Wisherd & Murayama, 1929: 73, pl. 16 fig. 6.
Cerace guttana Issiki (nec Felder), 1932, Icon. Ins. Jap.: 1449, fig. 2867 (®). — Hirose (nec Felder), 1936, The Insect World 40 (471): 419 (host plants).
Lectotype, hereby designated, male, labelled as follows. ’’Holotype”; "Brit. Mus. genitalia slide 4 No. 2699” my no. 585D, "Japan, Pryer, 1886, 70822”, ”Holotype, Cerace xanthocosma A. Diakonoff, 1947”; Walsingham Coll. BM 1910—427”.
The corresponding female syntype is labelled thus: ""Allotype”, "Japan, Pryer, 1886, 70829” and ’’Brit. Mus. genitalia slide 9 No. 2705”.
More material of this species has been added since 1950, labelled thus: ’’ Nara, 19.6.19 18/6, Honshyu Yamato, S. Moriuti, bred from Pzcris japonica’ (BM).
Recently Yasuda (1969) published for the first time a coloured figure of the larva. A description of the setal pattern of the larva appeared earlier (Yasuda, 1965). This description briefly amounts to the following.
Spinneret obtusely pointed; head: lines connecting bases of P1 with Adf 2 and P1 with P2, respectively form an obtuse angle. All larger setae of the body, viz. D1 and
98 TIIDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 113, AFL. 3, 1970
D2 and SD1 and SD2 upon all segments, and also L1 + L2 and L3 upon the thorax are implanted on thick, elevated prinnacula. SD2 on joined pinnaculum with SD1; DI upon abdominal segments 9 on its own pinnaculum. Anal segments with setae D2 as long as setae L1; setae D2 of the abdominal segments 8 are closer together than setae D1.
It should be pointed out that in Yasuda’s fig. 2 the connotations of the setae D1 and D2 upon the 9th abdominal segment have been confounded: D2 is actually D1 etc.
As host plants are recorded Jezo spruce (Picea jezoensis Carr.) and Veitch fir (Abies Veitchii Lindl.); and also Picris japonica.
Additional material: "1874, Japan, Cerace guttana R. & F., Novara 139, f. 51”, 1 ©. “Japan”, 1 g'. Mt. Kasuga near Nara, June 18, 1919 (I. Sugitani), 2 & (VM).
Japan, Honshu, Nara, 27. 29.V.8.VI.1964 em. Bred from Picris japonica D. Don., > © (SME
Cerace onustana Walker
p. 204.
Cerace onustana Walker, 1863: 423. — Moore, 1867: 668. — Cotes & Swinhoe, 1889: 699, no. 4770. — Meyrick, in Wagner, 1912b: 15. — in Wytsman, 1913: 20. —? Matsumura, 1931: 1067 fig. 2127 (2). — Diakonoff, 1941a: 30, pl. 3 fig. 3.
Cerace guttana Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875: pl. 139 fig. 51 (9). — Cotes & Swinhoe, 1889: 699, no. 4769. — Walsingham iz Swinhoe, 1900: 565. — Meyrick, in Wagner, 1912b: 15. — in Wytsman, 1913: 20. — Diakonoff, 1939: 130 (guttana syn.) — 194la: 29. Syn. nov.
Cerace guttana obscura Diakonoff, 1950: 202. Syn. nov.
The holotype of C. onustana Walk. is labelled as follows. ’’Holot.”, Nepal”, ”Hard- wicke Bequest”, ‘’Cerace onustana Wkr. Cat. Lep. B. M. 28: 423 (1863) Nepal (Hardwicke). Type g (1/1) descr.” (BM).
Hind wing light yellow, with black spots as in the female of C. guftana and with a broad fuscous-black margınal suffusion, extending from apex to before tornus, gradually attenuated downwards, at apex reaching over one fifth of the wing breadth.
The study of the available material and of the above references convinced me of the correctness of my previously abandoned statement of 1939, that ’’C. guttana Felder” is only the female of C. onwstana Walker. Neither could I find any males of guttana, nor any differences between the supposed females of these two species’. Therefore I again propose to suppress the name Cerace guttana Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875, as a synonym, in favour of the name Cerace onustana Walker, 1863.
The final check of this problem pertains of the following material: Cerace guttana F. & R.: 1 g', "Khasis, Sept. 1894, Nat. Coll”, genit. slide 7724; 1 ©, "Himalayas, 24” “E. Meyrick det, in Meyrick Coll. 5/5”, genit slide 7725. Cerace onustana Walk.: 1 8, N. India”, “Norris Coll. 73—41”, genit. slide 7726; 1 9, "Sikkim, chasseurs indigènes (R. P. Bretandeau), 1894”, genit. slide 7727. (All in the BM).
Further additional material. "Darjeeling, 1893 (Mövis)”, 1 9. NO Afghanistan, Petze-Tal, W. v. Schari-Sarai, 2100 m (Kazy & Vartian)”, 1 2 (VM).
Further additional specimens have the following labels. "Gopaldhara, Darjeeling, 3440 —5800° (H. Stevens) 18.IX.16”. “Himalaya”. “Kulu Distr.”, “Rothschild Bequest” (BM).
The